Peran Ekspatriat dalam Penguatan Kompetensi Inti Perusahaan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2018.17.2.4Keywords:
expatriate
core competence
learning
technological capability
human resource management
Abstract
Abstrak. Kompetensi inti (KI) menjadi hal penting bagi perusahaan dikarenakan perannya dalam menentukan keunggulan bersaingnya. KI dihasilkan melalui pembelajaran oleh SDM perusahaan melalui sumber pengetahuan internal dan eksternal. Salah satu sumber pengetahuan eksternal yang penting bagi perusahaan adalah ekspatriat. Namun demikian, disamping pemanfaatan ekspatriat yang belum optimal di Indonesia terutama dalam hal knowledge transfer (KT), belum banyak pula literatur yang mengeksplorasi hal ini. Tulisan ini membahas peran ekspatriat dalam penguatan KI dari perusahaan lokal di Indonesia. Penelitian kualitatif dengan multiple case studies melalui wawancara dan observasi di perusahaan ini menemukan bahwa ekspatriat cenderung berperan memperkuat KI yang telah ada di perusahaan. Pengetahuan dari ekspatriat berperan mengisi gap of knowledge dari individu/tim sebagai pendamping dari ekspatriat. Dengan didukung oleh keahlian dan pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki, tenaga lokal dapat meningkatkan kapabilitas serta kapasitasnya, sehingga akumulasinya dapat membentuk kompetensi individu/tim. Dengan didukung oleh KI yang ada, tercipta KI yang lebih kuat. KT dari ekspatriat juga berperan membentuk budaya baru di perusahaan. Production capability (PC) yang terbentuk lebih banyak didukung oleh explicit knowledge dari ekspatriat, sedangkan innovation capability (IC) lebih banyak terbentuk melalui akuisisi tacit knowledge dari ekspatriat. PC dan IC tersebut membentuk kompetensi individu dan tim yang memperkuat KI perusahaan.
Kata kunci: Ekspatriat, core competence, pembelajaran, kapabilitas teknologi, manajemen SDM, budaya perusahaan
Abstract. Core competence (CC) is important for firm in determining its competitive advantage. CC is generated through learning by utilizing internal and external knowledge sources. One of the important sources of external knowledge for companies is expatriates. However, in Indonesia expatriates have not been optimally utilized, especially in terms of knowledge transfer (KT) purpose and only few literatures that explores this. This paper discusses the role of expatriates in strengthening CC in Indonesian local companies. This qualitative research with multiple case studies through interviews and observations in Indonesian local company found that expatriates tend to play a role in strengthening existing CC. Knowledge from expatriates filled the gap of knowledge of the individual / team as a co-worker of the expatriate through knowledge acquisition. Supported by existing expertise and knowledge, local employee could improve their capabilities and capacities, and the accumulation could shape individual / team competencies. Supported by existing CC, a stronger one could be created. KT from expatriates also plays a role in shaping the new corporate culture. Production capability (PC) was more supported by explicit knowledge from expatriates, while innovation capability (IC) was formed through tacit knowledge acquisition from expatriates. These capabilities formed individual and team competencies that strengthen the existing CC.
Keywords: Expatriate, core competence, learning, technological capability, human resource management, company’s culture
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References
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Li, S. & Easterby-Smith, M. & Lyles, M. A. and Clark, T. (2016) Tapping the power of local knowledge: A local-global interactive perspective. Journal of World Business, 51 (4), 641-653. Doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2016.04.001.
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Lubit, R. (2001). Tacit knowledge and knowledge management: The keys to sustainable competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 29 (3), 164-178.
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Minbaeva, D., & Michailova, S. (2004). Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations: The role of disseminative capacity. Employee Relations, 26(6), 663-679. Doi: 10.1108/01425450410562236
Musasizi, Y. & Aarakit, S. (2016). Expatriate capabilities, knowledge transfer and competitive advantage of the foreign direct investments in Uganda's Service Sector. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4 (2), 130-143.
Newbert, S.L. (2008). Value, rareness, competitive advantage and performance: a conceptual-level empirical investigation of the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 29 (2), 745 – 768.
Nokes-Malach, T.J. & Richey, J.E. (2015). Knowledge transfer, in Scott, R. & Kosslyn, S. (eds), Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Wiley Online Library, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Perrin, A. & Rolland, N. (2007). Mechanisms of intra-organisational knowledge transfer: the case of a global technology firm, M@n@gement, 10 (2), 25-47.
Pisano, G.P. (2015). A normative theory of dynamic capabilities: connecting strategy, know-how, and competition. Working Paper 16-036. Harvard Business School.
Policeno, C.A. & Gardim, N. (2013). Dynamization of learning for sustainability in the electronics industry: studies in electromedical equipment manufacturers. Paper presented in 6th IFAC Conference on Management and Control of Production and Logistics The International Federation of Automatic Control September 11-13, 2013. Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Prahalad, C. K. & Hamel, G. (1994). Strategy as a field of study: Why search for a new paradigm?. Strategic management journal, 15 (S2), 5-16.
Prasada, R.A. (2014). Transfer Pengetahuan dan Teknologi dari Tenaga Kerja Asing Kepada Tenaga Kerja Pendamping (Studi Kasus pada PT Apac Inti Corpora, Semarang). Kertas Kerja. Universitas kristen Satya Wacana.
Pedersen, T., Petersen, B. & Sharma, D. D. (2003). Knowledge transfer performance of multinational companies. Management international review, 43 (3), 69-90
Prihadyanti, D. Sari, K., Hidayat, D., Laili, N., Laksani, C.S., & Triyono, B. (2017). Knowledge transfer dari tenaga kerja asing untuk meningkatkan kapasitas tenaga kerja lokal. Laporan Penelitian Pappiptek LIPI No. 2017-01-01-0006.
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Submitted
2018-03-22
Accepted
2018-07-18
Published
2018-08-15
How to Cite
Prihadyanti, D., Sari, K., & Hidayat, D. (2018). Peran Ekspatriat dalam Penguatan Kompetensi Inti Perusahaan. Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi, 17(2), 126–150. https://doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2018.17.2.4
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