Peran Ekspatriat dalam Penguatan Kompetensi Inti Perusahaan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2018.17.2.4Keywords:
expatriate, core competence, learning, technological capability, human resource managementAbstract
Abstrak. Kompetensi inti (KI) menjadi hal penting bagi perusahaan dikarenakan perannya dalam menentukan keunggulan bersaingnya. KI dihasilkan melalui pembelajaran oleh SDM perusahaan melalui sumber pengetahuan internal dan eksternal. Salah satu sumber pengetahuan eksternal yang penting bagi perusahaan adalah ekspatriat. Namun demikian, disamping pemanfaatan ekspatriat yang belum optimal di Indonesia terutama dalam hal knowledge transfer (KT), belum banyak pula literatur yang mengeksplorasi hal ini. Tulisan ini membahas peran ekspatriat dalam penguatan KI dari perusahaan lokal di Indonesia. Penelitian kualitatif dengan multiple case studies melalui wawancara dan observasi di perusahaan ini menemukan bahwa ekspatriat cenderung berperan memperkuat KI yang telah ada di perusahaan. Pengetahuan dari ekspatriat berperan mengisi gap of knowledge dari individu/tim sebagai pendamping dari ekspatriat. Dengan didukung oleh keahlian dan pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki, tenaga lokal dapat meningkatkan kapabilitas serta kapasitasnya, sehingga akumulasinya dapat membentuk kompetensi individu/tim. Dengan didukung oleh KI yang ada, tercipta KI yang lebih kuat. KT dari ekspatriat juga berperan membentuk budaya baru di perusahaan. Production capability (PC) yang terbentuk lebih banyak didukung oleh explicit knowledge dari ekspatriat, sedangkan innovation capability (IC) lebih banyak terbentuk melalui akuisisi tacit knowledge dari ekspatriat. PC dan IC tersebut membentuk kompetensi individu dan tim yang memperkuat KI perusahaan.
Kata kunci: Ekspatriat, core competence, pembelajaran, kapabilitas teknologi, manajemen SDM, budaya perusahaan
Abstract. Core competence (CC) is important for firm in determining its competitive advantage. CC is generated through learning by utilizing internal and external knowledge sources. One of the important sources of external knowledge for companies is expatriates. However, in Indonesia expatriates have not been optimally utilized, especially in terms of knowledge transfer (KT) purpose and only few literatures that explores this. This paper discusses the role of expatriates in strengthening CC in Indonesian local companies. This qualitative research with multiple case studies through interviews and observations in Indonesian local company found that expatriates tend to play a role in strengthening existing CC. Knowledge from expatriates filled the gap of knowledge of the individual / team as a co-worker of the expatriate through knowledge acquisition. Supported by existing expertise and knowledge, local employee could improve their capabilities and capacities, and the accumulation could shape individual / team competencies. Supported by existing CC, a stronger one could be created. KT from expatriates also plays a role in shaping the new corporate culture. Production capability (PC) was more supported by explicit knowledge from expatriates, while innovation capability (IC) was formed through tacit knowledge acquisition from expatriates. These capabilities formed individual and team competencies that strengthen the existing CC.
Keywords: Expatriate, core competence, learning, technological capability, human resource management, company’s culture
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Akio, T. (2005). The critical assessment of the resource-based view of strategic management: the source of heterogeneity of the firm. Ritsumeikan International Affairs, 3 (2005),125-150 .
Andersson, M. & Ramos-Reid, R. (2011). Core competence – definition and dynamics in the not – for profit sector. Master thesis in Business Administration, School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Sweden
Antonio, M.A., Kikuchi, L.S., Policeno, C.A., & Gardim, N. (2013). Dynamization of learning for sustainability in the electronics industry: studies in electromedical equipment manufacturers. The 6th IFAC Conference on Management and Control of Production and Logistics, The International Federation of Automatic Control September 11-13, 2013. Fortaleza, Brazil.
Argote, L. & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: a basis for competitive advantage in firms. organizational behavior and human decision processes, 82(1),150-169. Doi: 10.1006/obhd.2000.2893.
Arsawan, I.W.E., Sanjaya, I.B., Putra, I.K.M., & Sukarta, I.W. (2017). The effect of expatriate knowledge transfer on subsidiaries' performance: a moderating role of absorptive capacity. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 953_ 012082 . Doi :10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012082
Awang, A.H., Hussain, M.Y. & Malek, J.A. (2008). Promoting knowledge transfer in science and technology: a case study of technology park malaysia (tpm). Diunduh dari https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/56690.
Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm Resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1), 99-120.
Barney, J.B. (1995). Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9 (4), 49-61.
Barney, J. B., Wright, M. & Ketchen, D. Jr. (2001). The resource-based view of the firm: ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, 27 (6), 625-641.
Bhamra, R.S., Dani, S. & Bhamra, T.A., (2011). Competence understanding and use in SMEs: a UK manufacturing perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 49 (10), 2729 - 2743.
Briscoe, D. R., & Schuler, R. S. (2004). International Human Resource Management 2nd Edition. Routledge: New York.
Brown, S. & Squire, B. (2016). Capabilities and Competencies - Toward Strategic Resonance Between Operations and Strategy Processes Within Firms. Discussion Papers in Management, Paper number 07/16.
Carayannis, E.G. (1999). Knowledge transfer through technological hyperlearning in five industries. Technovation 19, 141–161.
Carayannis, E.G. & Alexander, J. (2002). Is technological learning a firm core competence, when, how and why? A longitudinal, multi-industry study of firm technological learning and market performance. Technovation, 22 (2002), 625–643.
Carli, G. (2012). From core rigidities to dynamic capabilities: the role of external knowledge. A multiple case study.[Final dissertation]. Università Di Bologna.
Chang, Y., Gong, Y., & Peng, M.W. (2012). Expatriate Knowledge Transfer, Subsidiary Absorptive Capacity, and Subsidiary Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 55 (4), 927-948. Doi: 10,5465/am¡,2010,0985.
Cheetham, G.& Chivers, G. (1996). Towards a holistic model of professional competence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20 (5), 20-30.
Cheetham, G.& Chivers, G. (1998). The reflective (and competent) practitioner: a model of professional competence which seeks to harmonise the reflective practitioner and competence-based approaches. Journal of European Industrial Training, 22 (7), 267-276.
Davenport, T.H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge : How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press.
Dixon, N. M. (2000) Common knowledge, M.A.: Harvard Business School Press.
Dodgson, M. (1993). Organisational learning: a review of some literature. Organisational Studies, 14 (3), 375-394.
Dosi, G., Coriat, B., & Pavitt, K. (eds). (2000). Competences, capabilities and coporate performances dynacom. Final report of Project SOE1-CT98-1078 (funded under the Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme (TSER)). Laboratori of Economics and Managemement (LEM). Pisa, Italy.
Downes, M. & Thomas, A.S. (2000). Knowledge transfer through expatriation: the u-curve approach to overseas staffing. Journal of Managerial Issues, 12 (2), 131-149
Easterby-Smith, M., Lyles, M. A., & Tsang, E. W. K. (2008). Inter-organizational knowledge transfer: Current themes and future prospects. Journal of Management Studies, 45 (4), 677-690.
Edstrom, A., & Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Alternative policies for international transfers of managers. Management International Review, 17(2), 11–22.
Eisenhardt, K.M. & Martin, J.A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: what are they?. Strategic Management Journal 21 (10/11), 1105–1121.
Figueiredo, P. N. (2010). Discontinuous innovation capability accumulation in latecomer natural resource-processing firms. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 77 (7), 1090-1108.
Figueiredo, P.N., Gomes, S. & Farias, R. (2010). Innovative technological capability in firms of the tourism sector: a study of the hotels in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the 1990-2008 period. Rio de Janeiro 44(5), 1139-170.
Geng, L. (2003). Expatriate managers in international joint ventures. Journal of International and Area Studies, 10 (2), 63 – 77.
Grant, R.M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Winter special issue), 109-122.
Greitemann, J., Christ, E.E., Matzat, A.C., & Reinhart, G. (2014). Strategic evaluation of technological capabilities, competencies and core-competencies of manufacturing companies. Procedia CIRP 19 (2014), 57 – 62.
Harzing, A., Pudelko, M. & Reiche, B.S. (2016). The bridging role of expatriates and inpatriates in knowledge transfer in multinational corporations. Human Resource Management, 55 (4), 679–695.
Horton, S. (2000). Competency management in the British civil service, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13(4), 354 – 368.
Hsu, Yu-Shan, (2012). Knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: a social capital perspective. [Theses and Dissertations]. Paper 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Huang, Jun; Ling, Juan; Yang, Jiaqin; and Zhao, Quanwu (2012). Key successful factors in knowledge transfer during m&a in traditional industries: an empirical study. Journal of International Technology and Information Management: 21 (4), 109-132.
Iansiti , M. & Clark, K. (1994). Integration and dynamic capability: Evidence from product development in automobiles and mainframe computers. Industrial & Corporate Change 3(3), 557-605.
Ibrahim, Z., Abdullah, F., & Ismail, A. (2016). International business competence and small and medium enterprises. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224 (2016), 393 – 400.
Ismail, M., Sobri, S.S., Zulkifly, N.A., Hamzah, S.R. & Yamato, E. (2016). Knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: contribution of individual and social capital factors. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 65-87
Kersiene, K. & Savaneviciene, A. (2009). The formation and management of organizational competence based on cross-cultural perspective. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics 5(2009), 56-66.
Kogut, B. & Zander, U. (1993). Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation. Journal of International Business Studies, 24 (4), 625- 645.
Li, S. & Easterby-Smith, M. & Lyles, M. A. and Clark, T. (2016) Tapping the power of local knowledge: A local-global interactive perspective. Journal of World Business, 51 (4), 641-653. Doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2016.04.001.
Li, S., Clark, T., & Sillince, J. (2017). Constructing a strategy on the creation of core competencies for African Companies. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.08.008
Liang, C., Lin, Y., & Huang, H., (2013). Effect of core competence on organizational performance in an airport shopping center. Journal of Air Transport Management, 31 (2013), 23-26. Doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2012.11.005.
Lubit, R. (2001). Tacit knowledge and knowledge management: The keys to sustainable competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 29 (3), 164-178.
Mäkelä, K. (2007). Knowledge sharing through expatriate relationships: a social capital perspective. International Studies of Management & Organization, 37 (3), 108-125.
Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative research design: an interactive approach (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). A realist approach for qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mills, J., Platts, K., Bourne, M., & Richards, H. (2002). Strategy and performance, competing through competences. Cambridge University Press. United Kingdom.
Minbaeva, D., & Michailova, S. (2004). Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations: The role of disseminative capacity. Employee Relations, 26(6), 663-679. Doi: 10.1108/01425450410562236
Musasizi, Y. & Aarakit, S. (2016). Expatriate capabilities, knowledge transfer and competitive advantage of the foreign direct investments in Uganda's Service Sector. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4 (2), 130-143.
Newbert, S.L. (2008). Value, rareness, competitive advantage and performance: a conceptual-level empirical investigation of the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 29 (2), 745 – 768.
Nokes-Malach, T.J. & Richey, J.E. (2015). Knowledge transfer, in Scott, R. & Kosslyn, S. (eds), Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Wiley Online Library, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5 (1), 14-37.
Perrin, A. & Rolland, N. (2007). Mechanisms of intra-organisational knowledge transfer: the case of a global technology firm, M@n@gement, 10 (2), 25-47.
Pisano, G.P. (2015). A normative theory of dynamic capabilities: connecting strategy, know-how, and competition. Working Paper 16-036. Harvard Business School.
Policeno, C.A. & Gardim, N. (2013). Dynamization of learning for sustainability in the electronics industry: studies in electromedical equipment manufacturers. Paper presented in 6th IFAC Conference on Management and Control of Production and Logistics The International Federation of Automatic Control September 11-13, 2013. Fortaleza, Brazil.
Prahalad, C.K., & Hamel, G., (1990).The core competence of the corporation, Harvard BusinessReview, May-June 1990, 71-91.
Prahalad, C. K. & Hamel, G. (1994). Strategy as a field of study: Why search for a new paradigm?. Strategic management journal, 15 (S2), 5-16.
Prasada, R.A. (2014). Transfer Pengetahuan dan Teknologi dari Tenaga Kerja Asing Kepada Tenaga Kerja Pendamping (Studi Kasus pada PT Apac Inti Corpora, Semarang). Kertas Kerja. Universitas kristen Satya Wacana.
Pedersen, T., Petersen, B. & Sharma, D. D. (2003). Knowledge transfer performance of multinational companies. Management international review, 43 (3), 69-90
Prihadyanti, D. Sari, K., Hidayat, D., Laili, N., Laksani, C.S., & Triyono, B. (2017). Knowledge transfer dari tenaga kerja asing untuk meningkatkan kapasitas tenaga kerja lokal. Laporan Penelitian Pappiptek LIPI No. 2017-01-01-0006.
Ravu, S.Y. & Parker, K.M. 2015. Expatriates and knowledge transfer : a case study of a power plant constructed in Africa. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 4 (2), 327-342
Riusala, K. & Suutari, V. (2004). International Knowledge Transfers through Expatriates. Thunderbird International Business Review, 46 (6), 743–770.
Rosinski, J., Klich, J., Filipkowska, A., & Pettinger, R. (2014). Top-down and bottom-up approach to competence management implementation: A case of two central banks. Tourism & Management Studies, 10 (special edition), 26-34.
Sanchez, R. & Heene, A. (eds.) (1997). Strategic Learning and Knowledge Management, Wiley, Chichester.
Sandberg, J. (2000). Understanding human competence at work: An interpretive approach. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (1), 9–25.
Simonin, B.L., (1999). Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal 20 (7), 595-623.
Song, N. & Zhu, J. (2016). Knowledge Transfer and global R&D operations within MNC. Dissertation in management of innovation and business development. School of Business and Engineering, Halmstad University.
Sudirman, I. & Habibie, (2014). Dominant factors influencing knowledge sharing among employees at PT Inco Tbk Indonesia. American Journal of Business and Management, 3 (4), 224-236. Doi: 10.11634/216796061403597
Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Special Issue: Knowledge and the Firm, Winter, 1996), 27-43.
Szulanski, G. (2000). The process of knowledge transfer: a diachronie analysis of stickiness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 82 (1), 9-27.
Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J. & G. Pisano (1994). The dynamic capabilities of firms: An introduction, Industrial and Corporate Change, 3(3), 537-556.
Ueki, H. (2016). Knowledge Transfer and the Sharing of R&D Capabilities at the Japanese Automotive Firms in Asia . IFEAMA SPSCP, 4 (2016),1-13
Weinstein, O. & Azoulay, N. (1999). Firms' capabilities and organizational learning A critical survey of some literature. Downloaded from www.lem.sssup.it/Dynacom/files/D10_0.pdf
Wenger, E., McDermott, R & Snyder, W. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: a guide to managing knowledge, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Wie, T.K. (2001). Channels of international technology transfer in indonesia: a brief survey. ICSEAD Working Paper Series Vol. 2001-32. The International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development, Kitakyushu.
Williams, (1992). How sustainability is your competitive advantage? California Management Review, 34 (3), 29-51.
Winter, S. G. (2003). Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 991–995.
Winterton, J., Delamare-Le Deist, F. & Stringfellow, F. (2006). Typology of knowledge, skills and competences: clarification of the concept and prototype. Cedefop Reference series; 64, Luxembourg.
Zollo, M. & Winter, S.G. (2002). Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science, 13(3), 339-351.
Andersson, M. & Ramos-Reid, R. (2011). Core competence – definition and dynamics in the not – for profit sector. Master thesis in Business Administration, School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Sweden
Antonio, M.A., Kikuchi, L.S., Policeno, C.A., & Gardim, N. (2013). Dynamization of learning for sustainability in the electronics industry: studies in electromedical equipment manufacturers. The 6th IFAC Conference on Management and Control of Production and Logistics, The International Federation of Automatic Control September 11-13, 2013. Fortaleza, Brazil.
Argote, L. & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: a basis for competitive advantage in firms. organizational behavior and human decision processes, 82(1),150-169. Doi: 10.1006/obhd.2000.2893.
Arsawan, I.W.E., Sanjaya, I.B., Putra, I.K.M., & Sukarta, I.W. (2017). The effect of expatriate knowledge transfer on subsidiaries' performance: a moderating role of absorptive capacity. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 953_ 012082 . Doi :10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012082
Awang, A.H., Hussain, M.Y. & Malek, J.A. (2008). Promoting knowledge transfer in science and technology: a case study of technology park malaysia (tpm). Diunduh dari https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/56690.
Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm Resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1), 99-120.
Barney, J.B. (1995). Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9 (4), 49-61.
Barney, J. B., Wright, M. & Ketchen, D. Jr. (2001). The resource-based view of the firm: ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, 27 (6), 625-641.
Bhamra, R.S., Dani, S. & Bhamra, T.A., (2011). Competence understanding and use in SMEs: a UK manufacturing perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 49 (10), 2729 - 2743.
Briscoe, D. R., & Schuler, R. S. (2004). International Human Resource Management 2nd Edition. Routledge: New York.
Brown, S. & Squire, B. (2016). Capabilities and Competencies - Toward Strategic Resonance Between Operations and Strategy Processes Within Firms. Discussion Papers in Management, Paper number 07/16.
Carayannis, E.G. (1999). Knowledge transfer through technological hyperlearning in five industries. Technovation 19, 141–161.
Carayannis, E.G. & Alexander, J. (2002). Is technological learning a firm core competence, when, how and why? A longitudinal, multi-industry study of firm technological learning and market performance. Technovation, 22 (2002), 625–643.
Carli, G. (2012). From core rigidities to dynamic capabilities: the role of external knowledge. A multiple case study.[Final dissertation]. Università Di Bologna.
Chang, Y., Gong, Y., & Peng, M.W. (2012). Expatriate Knowledge Transfer, Subsidiary Absorptive Capacity, and Subsidiary Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 55 (4), 927-948. Doi: 10,5465/am¡,2010,0985.
Cheetham, G.& Chivers, G. (1996). Towards a holistic model of professional competence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20 (5), 20-30.
Cheetham, G.& Chivers, G. (1998). The reflective (and competent) practitioner: a model of professional competence which seeks to harmonise the reflective practitioner and competence-based approaches. Journal of European Industrial Training, 22 (7), 267-276.
Davenport, T.H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge : How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press.
Dixon, N. M. (2000) Common knowledge, M.A.: Harvard Business School Press.
Dodgson, M. (1993). Organisational learning: a review of some literature. Organisational Studies, 14 (3), 375-394.
Dosi, G., Coriat, B., & Pavitt, K. (eds). (2000). Competences, capabilities and coporate performances dynacom. Final report of Project SOE1-CT98-1078 (funded under the Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme (TSER)). Laboratori of Economics and Managemement (LEM). Pisa, Italy.
Downes, M. & Thomas, A.S. (2000). Knowledge transfer through expatriation: the u-curve approach to overseas staffing. Journal of Managerial Issues, 12 (2), 131-149
Easterby-Smith, M., Lyles, M. A., & Tsang, E. W. K. (2008). Inter-organizational knowledge transfer: Current themes and future prospects. Journal of Management Studies, 45 (4), 677-690.
Edstrom, A., & Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Alternative policies for international transfers of managers. Management International Review, 17(2), 11–22.
Eisenhardt, K.M. & Martin, J.A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: what are they?. Strategic Management Journal 21 (10/11), 1105–1121.
Figueiredo, P. N. (2010). Discontinuous innovation capability accumulation in latecomer natural resource-processing firms. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 77 (7), 1090-1108.
Figueiredo, P.N., Gomes, S. & Farias, R. (2010). Innovative technological capability in firms of the tourism sector: a study of the hotels in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the 1990-2008 period. Rio de Janeiro 44(5), 1139-170.
Geng, L. (2003). Expatriate managers in international joint ventures. Journal of International and Area Studies, 10 (2), 63 – 77.
Grant, R.M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Winter special issue), 109-122.
Greitemann, J., Christ, E.E., Matzat, A.C., & Reinhart, G. (2014). Strategic evaluation of technological capabilities, competencies and core-competencies of manufacturing companies. Procedia CIRP 19 (2014), 57 – 62.
Harzing, A., Pudelko, M. & Reiche, B.S. (2016). The bridging role of expatriates and inpatriates in knowledge transfer in multinational corporations. Human Resource Management, 55 (4), 679–695.
Horton, S. (2000). Competency management in the British civil service, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13(4), 354 – 368.
Hsu, Yu-Shan, (2012). Knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: a social capital perspective. [Theses and Dissertations]. Paper 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Huang, Jun; Ling, Juan; Yang, Jiaqin; and Zhao, Quanwu (2012). Key successful factors in knowledge transfer during m&a in traditional industries: an empirical study. Journal of International Technology and Information Management: 21 (4), 109-132.
Iansiti , M. & Clark, K. (1994). Integration and dynamic capability: Evidence from product development in automobiles and mainframe computers. Industrial & Corporate Change 3(3), 557-605.
Ibrahim, Z., Abdullah, F., & Ismail, A. (2016). International business competence and small and medium enterprises. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224 (2016), 393 – 400.
Ismail, M., Sobri, S.S., Zulkifly, N.A., Hamzah, S.R. & Yamato, E. (2016). Knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: contribution of individual and social capital factors. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 65-87
Kersiene, K. & Savaneviciene, A. (2009). The formation and management of organizational competence based on cross-cultural perspective. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics 5(2009), 56-66.
Kogut, B. & Zander, U. (1993). Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation. Journal of International Business Studies, 24 (4), 625- 645.
Li, S. & Easterby-Smith, M. & Lyles, M. A. and Clark, T. (2016) Tapping the power of local knowledge: A local-global interactive perspective. Journal of World Business, 51 (4), 641-653. Doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2016.04.001.
Li, S., Clark, T., & Sillince, J. (2017). Constructing a strategy on the creation of core competencies for African Companies. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.08.008
Liang, C., Lin, Y., & Huang, H., (2013). Effect of core competence on organizational performance in an airport shopping center. Journal of Air Transport Management, 31 (2013), 23-26. Doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2012.11.005.
Lubit, R. (2001). Tacit knowledge and knowledge management: The keys to sustainable competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 29 (3), 164-178.
Mäkelä, K. (2007). Knowledge sharing through expatriate relationships: a social capital perspective. International Studies of Management & Organization, 37 (3), 108-125.
Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative research design: an interactive approach (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). A realist approach for qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mills, J., Platts, K., Bourne, M., & Richards, H. (2002). Strategy and performance, competing through competences. Cambridge University Press. United Kingdom.
Minbaeva, D., & Michailova, S. (2004). Knowledge transfer and expatriation in multinational corporations: The role of disseminative capacity. Employee Relations, 26(6), 663-679. Doi: 10.1108/01425450410562236
Musasizi, Y. & Aarakit, S. (2016). Expatriate capabilities, knowledge transfer and competitive advantage of the foreign direct investments in Uganda's Service Sector. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4 (2), 130-143.
Newbert, S.L. (2008). Value, rareness, competitive advantage and performance: a conceptual-level empirical investigation of the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 29 (2), 745 – 768.
Nokes-Malach, T.J. & Richey, J.E. (2015). Knowledge transfer, in Scott, R. & Kosslyn, S. (eds), Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Wiley Online Library, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5 (1), 14-37.
Perrin, A. & Rolland, N. (2007). Mechanisms of intra-organisational knowledge transfer: the case of a global technology firm, M@n@gement, 10 (2), 25-47.
Pisano, G.P. (2015). A normative theory of dynamic capabilities: connecting strategy, know-how, and competition. Working Paper 16-036. Harvard Business School.
Policeno, C.A. & Gardim, N. (2013). Dynamization of learning for sustainability in the electronics industry: studies in electromedical equipment manufacturers. Paper presented in 6th IFAC Conference on Management and Control of Production and Logistics The International Federation of Automatic Control September 11-13, 2013. Fortaleza, Brazil.
Prahalad, C.K., & Hamel, G., (1990).The core competence of the corporation, Harvard BusinessReview, May-June 1990, 71-91.
Prahalad, C. K. & Hamel, G. (1994). Strategy as a field of study: Why search for a new paradigm?. Strategic management journal, 15 (S2), 5-16.
Prasada, R.A. (2014). Transfer Pengetahuan dan Teknologi dari Tenaga Kerja Asing Kepada Tenaga Kerja Pendamping (Studi Kasus pada PT Apac Inti Corpora, Semarang). Kertas Kerja. Universitas kristen Satya Wacana.
Pedersen, T., Petersen, B. & Sharma, D. D. (2003). Knowledge transfer performance of multinational companies. Management international review, 43 (3), 69-90
Prihadyanti, D. Sari, K., Hidayat, D., Laili, N., Laksani, C.S., & Triyono, B. (2017). Knowledge transfer dari tenaga kerja asing untuk meningkatkan kapasitas tenaga kerja lokal. Laporan Penelitian Pappiptek LIPI No. 2017-01-01-0006.
Ravu, S.Y. & Parker, K.M. 2015. Expatriates and knowledge transfer : a case study of a power plant constructed in Africa. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 4 (2), 327-342
Riusala, K. & Suutari, V. (2004). International Knowledge Transfers through Expatriates. Thunderbird International Business Review, 46 (6), 743–770.
Rosinski, J., Klich, J., Filipkowska, A., & Pettinger, R. (2014). Top-down and bottom-up approach to competence management implementation: A case of two central banks. Tourism & Management Studies, 10 (special edition), 26-34.
Sanchez, R. & Heene, A. (eds.) (1997). Strategic Learning and Knowledge Management, Wiley, Chichester.
Sandberg, J. (2000). Understanding human competence at work: An interpretive approach. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (1), 9–25.
Simonin, B.L., (1999). Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal 20 (7), 595-623.
Song, N. & Zhu, J. (2016). Knowledge Transfer and global R&D operations within MNC. Dissertation in management of innovation and business development. School of Business and Engineering, Halmstad University.
Sudirman, I. & Habibie, (2014). Dominant factors influencing knowledge sharing among employees at PT Inco Tbk Indonesia. American Journal of Business and Management, 3 (4), 224-236. Doi: 10.11634/216796061403597
Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Special Issue: Knowledge and the Firm, Winter, 1996), 27-43.
Szulanski, G. (2000). The process of knowledge transfer: a diachronie analysis of stickiness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 82 (1), 9-27.
Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J. & G. Pisano (1994). The dynamic capabilities of firms: An introduction, Industrial and Corporate Change, 3(3), 537-556.
Ueki, H. (2016). Knowledge Transfer and the Sharing of R&D Capabilities at the Japanese Automotive Firms in Asia . IFEAMA SPSCP, 4 (2016),1-13
Weinstein, O. & Azoulay, N. (1999). Firms' capabilities and organizational learning A critical survey of some literature. Downloaded from www.lem.sssup.it/Dynacom/files/D10_0.pdf
Wenger, E., McDermott, R & Snyder, W. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice: a guide to managing knowledge, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Wie, T.K. (2001). Channels of international technology transfer in indonesia: a brief survey. ICSEAD Working Paper Series Vol. 2001-32. The International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development, Kitakyushu.
Williams, (1992). How sustainability is your competitive advantage? California Management Review, 34 (3), 29-51.
Winter, S. G. (2003). Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 991–995.
Winterton, J., Delamare-Le Deist, F. & Stringfellow, F. (2006). Typology of knowledge, skills and competences: clarification of the concept and prototype. Cedefop Reference series; 64, Luxembourg.
Zollo, M. & Winter, S.G. (2002). Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science, 13(3), 339-351.
Downloads
Submitted
2018-03-22
Accepted
2018-07-18
Published
2018-08-15
How to Cite
Prihadyanti, D., Sari, K., & Hidayat, D. (2018). Peran Ekspatriat dalam Penguatan Kompetensi Inti Perusahaan. Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi, 17(2), 126–150. https://doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2018.17.2.4
Issue
Section
Articles
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Copyright @2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium
