Pengaruh Struktur Kepemilikan Keluarga dan Pemerintah Terhadap Kerugian Kredit Bank

Authors

  • Cynthia Afriani Utama Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia
  • Wahyu Jatmiko

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2015.14.2.1

Abstract

Abstrak. Kerugian kredit, telah berulang kali diidentifikasi sebagai pemicu utama terjadinya kegagalan pada bank. Namun, studi yang menelaah faktor penentu kerugian kredit bank masih sangat jarang. Salah satunya adalah struktur kepemilikan keluarga. Padahal, 70% bank di Indonesia dimiliki oleh keluarga sehingga perbankan di Indonesia sangat rentan oleh eskpropriasi oleh kepemilikan keluarga terhadap pemegang saham minoritas. Oleh karena itu, tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh struktur kepemilikan keluarga dan pemerintah terhadap kerugian bank. Faktor penentu lainnya yang diteliti adalah pengaruh non linear ukuran bank terhadap kerugian kredit bank. Penelitian ini menggunakan the generalized method- of-moments (GMM) estimator yang dikembangkan untuk dynamic models of panel data. Dengan menggunakan data perbankan Indonesia dari tahun 2004 sampai dengan tahun 2014, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bank dengan kepemilikan keluarga memiliki kerugian kredit lebih besar dibandingkan bank lainnya (non keluarga). Tetapi, penelitian ini tidak menemukan pengaruh kepemilikan pemerintah terhadap kerugian kredit. Sementara ukuran bank ditemukan berpengaruh secara linear terhadap kerugian kredit namun tidak berpengaruh secara non linear. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah perbankan di Indonesia sebagai industri teregulasi harus memiliki aturan dan penegakan yang ketat dari Otoritas Jasa Keuangan agar bank dengan kepemilikan keluarga tidak menimbulkan kerugian kredit lebih besar dan merugikan pihak minoritas.

Kata kunci: kerugian kredit bank, struktur kepemilikan keluarga, struktur kepemilikan pemerintah, ukuran bank, risiko bank

 

Abstract. Credit losses, has been repeatedly identified as the principal cause of the failure of the bank. However, the extant literatures that examine the determinants of bank credit losses are still very rare. One is the structure of family ownership. In fact, 70% of banks in Indonesia are very concentrated on family ownership thus this condition may cause the entrenchment effect of family ownership on minority shareholders. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of family ownership and government ownership on credit losses. Other determinant that being investigated is the possibility of non-linear effect of banks size on credit losses. This study used the generalizedmethod-of-moments (GMM) estimator developed for dynamic models of panel data. By using the Indonesian banking data from 2004 to 2014, the results shows that the bank with family ownership has a greater credit losses than other banks (non-family). However, this study fails to find the influence of government ownership on credit losses. While, the relationship between bank size and credit losses is linear and this study fails the non-linear relationship between the bank size and credit losses. The implications of this research are Financial Services Authority should enact and enforce the regulation that mitigate the expropriation of family ownership and consequently, the credit losses of Indonesian bank will be relatively reduced.

Keywords: bank credit losses, family ownership, government ownership, bank size, bank risk

  

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Cynthia Afriani Utama, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia

Department of Management

References

Abidin, Z. (2007). Kinerja Efisiensi pada Bank Umum. Proceeding PESAT (Psikologi, Ekonomi, Sastra, Arsitek & Sipil) Auditorium Kampus Gunadarma Vol. 2, 21 – 22 Agustus 2007 hal. 113- 199.
Ahmed, A.S., Takeda, C., & Thomas, S. (1999). Bank loan loss provisions: A reexamination of capital management, earnings management and signaling effects. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 28, 1-26.
Aksa J., & Muhammad, S. (2009). Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Internal Bank dan Makroekonomi terhadap Profitabilitas Bank di Indonesia. (Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan). Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
Balboa, M., Espinosa, G. L., & Rubia A. (2013). Nonlinear dynamics in discretionary accruals: An analysis of bank loan-loss provisions. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, 5186–5207.
Bank Indonesia. (2012). Laporan Pengawasan Perbankan, http://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/perbankan-dan-stabilitas/laporan-pengawasan/Documents/928f3be165204214bc5554b7ef05d8cfLPPFinal_12062013.pdf
Bank Indonesia. (2014). Statistik Perbankan Indonesia. Jakarta: Direktorat Perizinan dan Informasi Perbankan.
Barth, J.R., Caprio Jr., G., & Levine, R., (2004). Bank supervision and regulation: What works best? Journal of Financial Intermediation, 13, 205–248.
Beck, T., Demirguc, Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2004). Bank competition and access to finance: International evidence. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 36, 627–648.
Berger, A.N., Hasan, I., & Klapper, L.F. (2004). Further evidence on the link between finance and growth: An international analysis of community banking and economic performance. Journal of Financial Services Research, 25, 169–202.
Berger, A.N., Clarke, G.R.G., Cull, R., Klapper, L., & Udell, G.F. (2005). Corporate governance and bank performance: A joint analysis of the static, selection, and dynamic effects of domestic, foreign, and state ownership. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29, 2179–2221.
Berger, A., and Udell, G. (2004). The institutional memory hypothesis and the procyclicality of bank lending behavior. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 13, 458–495.
Berger, A.N., Klapper, L.F., Peria, M.S.M., & Zaidi, R. (2008). Bank ownership type and banking relationships, J. Finan. Intermediation, 17, 37–62.
Bikker, J.A. & P.A.J. Metzemakers, 2004. Bank Provisioning Behavior and Procyclicality. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 15, 141-157.
Bos, J.W., & Kolari, J.(2005). Large bank efficiency in Europe and the United States: Are there economics motivations for geographic expansion in financial service ? The Journal of Business, 78(4), 1-38.
Bouvatier, V., Lepetit, L., & Strobel, F. (2014). Bank income smoothing, ownership concentration and the regulatory environment. Journal of Banking and Finance, 41, 253-270.
Claessens, S., Djankov, S., Fan, J.P.H., & Lang, H.P.L. (2002). Disentangling the incentive and entrenchment effects of large shareholdings. Journal of Finance, 57, 2741–2771.
Clair, R. T. (1992). Loan Growth and Loan Quality: Some Preliminary Evidence from Texas Banks. Federal Reserve Banks of Dallas Economic Review (3rd quarter), 9-22.
Cole, S. (2004). Fixing market failures or fixing elections? Agricultural credit in India. Mimeo. MIT.
Cole, R.A., Goldberg, L.G., & White, L.J. (2004). Cookie-cutter versus character: The micro structure of small business lending by large and small banks. J. Finan. Quant. Anal, 39, 227–251.
Cortavarria, L., Dziobek, C., Kanaya, A., & Song, I. (2000). Loan Review, Provisioning, and Macroeconomic Linkages, IMF Working Paper, December 2000, WP/00/95
Craig, R., Philip, D. E., & Pascual, E.G. (2005). Sources of Procyclicality in East Asian Financial Systems. Procyclicality of Financial Systems in Asia, Palgrave MacMillan Press, 2006.
Dyck, A., & Zingales, L. (2004). Private benefits of control: An international comparison, Journal of Finance, 59(2), 537–600.
Floro, D. (2010). Loan Loss Provisioning and the Business Cycle: Does Capital Matter?Evidence from Philippine Banks. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas: Department of Economic Research.
Fonseca, A.R., & Gonzalez, F. (2008). Cross-country determinants of bank income smoothing by managing loan-loss provisions, Journal of Banking and Finance (32), 217-228.
Foos, D., Norden L., & Weber, M. (2009). Loan Growth and Riskiness of Banks. Journal of Banking & Finance 34 (2010), 2929-2940.
Francisco, M., & Kumar, A. (2004). Enterprise size, financing patterns and credit constraints in Brazil: Analysis of data from the investment climate assessment survey. Mimeo. The World Bank.
Hess, K., Grimes, A., & Holmes, M. (2009). Credit Losses in Australasian Banking, Economic Record, 85(270), 331-343.
Keeton, W. R. (1999). Does Faster Loan Growth Lead to higher Loan Losses? Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
Laeven, L., & Majnoni, G. (2003). Loan loss provisioning and economic slowdowns: too much, too late? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, no. 2749.
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2002). Government ownership of banks. Journal of Finance 57, 265–301.
Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan. (2015). Perekonomian dan Perbankan, http://www1.lps.go.id/documents/604798/0/2015-03-12_Laporan+Perekonomian+dan+Perbankan+Februari+2015.pdf/c71e0771-cae4-48e2-a596-59958ab085ac.
Pain D. (2003). The provisioning experience of the major UK banks: a small panel investigation. Working Paper No.177, Bank of England.
Pérez, D., Salas-Fumás, V., & Saurina, J. (2008). Earnings and capital management in alternative loan loss provision regulatory regimes. European Accounting Review, 17 (3), 423–445.
Petersen, M. A., & Rajan, R. G. (1995). The effects of credit market competition on lending relationships. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 407-443.
Purnomo, H. (2011). 70% Bank di Indonesia Dimiliki Keluara, Rawan Pembobolan, detikfinance, http://finance.detik.com/read/2011/12/02/101501/1780825/5/70-bank-di-indonesia-dimiliki-keluarga-rawan-pembobolan.
Rezitis, A.N. (2006). Productivity growth in the Greek banking industry: A non-parametric approach. Journal of Applied Economics, 9(1), 119-138.
Rocca, G. (2014). How to Calculate a Loan Loss Provision Coverage Ratio, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/calculate-loan-loss-provision-coverage-ratio-75569.html. [diunduh pada tanggal 2 Juli 2014].
Sapienza, P. (2004). The effects of government ownership on bank lending. J. Finan. Econ. 74, 357–384.
Silalahi, T. (2010). Pengaruh Penilaian Faktor Tingkat Kesehatan Bank terhadap Penyaluran Kredit Bank Umum Berskala Menengah. (Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan). Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
Villalonga, B., & Amit, R. (2006). How do family ownership, control and managementaffect firm value? Journal of Financial Economics 80, 385–417.
Vivanews(2013). http://bisnis.news.viva.co.id/news/read/397247-kppu--perbankan-ri-paling-tidak-efisien-di-asean
Zedek, N.S., & Tarazi, A. (2015). Excess control rights, financial crisis and bank profitability and risk. Journal of Banking & Finance, 55, 361–379.

Downloads

Submitted

2015-03-12

Accepted

2015-08-25

Published

2015-10-09

How to Cite

Utama, C. A., & Jatmiko, W. (2015). Pengaruh Struktur Kepemilikan Keluarga dan Pemerintah Terhadap Kerugian Kredit Bank. Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi, 14(2), 113–131. https://doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2015.14.2.1

Issue

Section

Articles