Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Illegal gold mining has disturbed the operation of a mining company (Indo Muro Kencana) in Central Kalimantan since the early 1990s. Several disputes have happened, including two serious conflicts, causing financial losses, damage to facilities, and fatalities, forcing the company to stop operations in 2002 and 2013. Eventually, the original investors abandoned the site. Various countermeasures were taken, including harsh law enforcement involving police and military forces’ deployment, yet the illegal mining activities continued. Since 2015, the new management has implemented new approaches; within five years, the number of illegal miners has decreased considerably. This study aims to identify the reasons behind the disputes and how the new management reduces illegal mining within its concession without triggering further conflict. This research is a case study using in-depth interviews, complemented by a study of corporate and media documents. Five factors were identified behind the previous conflicts. The new management’s integrated strategy to manage social issues, including illegal mining, started with social mapping, then an integrated team to deal with social issues was established, and finally, an integrated plan was introduced with four agendas: engagement, presence, respect and inclusiveness, and cohesiveness. This study contributes to company-community model building in similar circumstances and, in practice, offers a solution to curtail illegal gold mining, particularly in Indonesia.
Keywords: Conflict, illegal gold mining, illegal miners, integrated, Kalimantan.
Keywords
conflict
illegal gold mining
illegal miners
integrated
Kalimantan.
Article Details
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Copyright @2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium
How to Cite
Hasibuan, O. P., Tjakraatmadja, J. H., & Sunitiyoso, Y. (2021). Integrated Strategy to Curtail Illegal Gold Mining: A Case Study in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Asian Journal of Technology Management (AJTM), 14(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2021.14.1.1
References
-
Aspinall, C. (2001). Small-scale mining in Indonesia (Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development Report 79). International Institute for Environment and Development and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, England. Retrieved from https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00725.pdf
Basu, N., Clarke, E., Green, A., Calys-Tagoe, B., Chan, L., Dzodzomenyo, M., ... & Wilson, M. L. (2015). Integrated assessment of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana—Part 1: Human health review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(5), 5143-5176.
BPS-Statistics of Murung Raya Regency (2020), Murung Raya Regency in Figures 2020. Retrieved from https://murakab.bps.go.id/ publication/2020/04/27/d64a22d5ccb0f5df1fd91bd0/kabupaten-murung-raya-dalam-angka-2020.html.
Buxton, A. (2013). Responding to the challenge of ASM: How can knowledge networks help? International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Word Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Retrieved from https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16532IIED.pdf
Cochraine, J. (2014, January 2). Small-scale Gold Mining Pollutes Indonesian Lands. International Business, New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ 2014/01/03/business/international/small-scale-goldmining-pollutes-indonesian-lands.html
Coulson, N., Ledwaba, P., & McCallum, A. (2017). Building resilient company-community relationships: a preliminary observation of the thoughts and experiences of community relations practitioners across Africa. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 117(1), 7-12.
Crawford, G., & Botchwey, G. (2017). Conflict, collusion and corruption in small-scale gold mining: Chinese miners and the state in Ghana. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55(4), 444-470.
Daily Graphic Newspaper (2013, February 11). Chinese arrested for shooting three Manso Abodom youth. Daily Graphic Newspaper. Retrieved from http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/9076-chinese-arrested-for-shooting-three-manso-abodom-youth.html
Faturrahman (2018, June 3), Warga Bentrok dengan TNI-Polri di Perusahaan Tambang Emas PT IMK Puruk Cahu, Polisi Terluka. Banjarmasin Post. Retrieved from https://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2018/06/03/warga-bentrok-dengan-tni-polri-di-perusahaan-tambang-emas-pt-imk-puruk-cahu-polisi-terluka.
Hasibuan, O. P., Tjakraatmadja, J. H., & Sunitiyoso, Y. (2020). Illegal gold mining in Indonesia: structure and causes. International Journal of Emerging Markets. Advance online publication.
Hilson, G., Amankwah, R., & Ofori-Sarpong, G. (2013). Going for gold: transitional livelihoods in Northern Ghana. The journal of modern African studies, 51(1), 109-137.
Huxham, C. (2003). Theorizing collaboration practice. Public management review, 5(3), 401-423.
Idrobo, N., Mejía, D., & Tribin, A. M. (2014). Illegal gold mining and violence in Colombia. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(1), 83-111.
Indo Muro Kencana (2018). Monthly Management Board Report: Project Overview, March 2018. Unpublished report.
Indo Muro Kencana (2020). Monthly Site Report: Special Project, April 2020. Unpublished report.
Ismawati, Y. (2014). Gold, mercury and the next Minamata. Indonesian Journal of Leadership, Policy and World Affairs, April–June. Retrieved from www.sr-indonesia.com/in-the-journal/view/gold-mercury-and-the-next-minamata.
JPPN.com (2013, June 29). 6 Brimob Tewas, Lima Warga Tertembak. JPPN.com. Retrieved from: https://www. jpnn.com/news/6-anggota-brimob-tewas-5-warga-tertembak
Kervankiran, I., Dziwornu, M. G., & Temurçin, K. (2016). Illegal mining as threat to sustainable development in Ghana: A political ecology approach. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken/Journal of World of Turks, 8(3), 173-192.
Kompas.com (2012, July 07). 60 Polisi Disiagakan Pasca Kerusuhan Sorikmas. Kompas.com. Retrieved from: https://ekonomi.kompas. com/read/2012/07/09/04390922/60.polisi.disiagakan.pasca.kerusuhan.sorikmas.
Lestari, N. I. (2007). Illegal gold mining in West Java: can Antam’s community development programs win over cynical locals?. Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Asia-Pacific Case Studies Series 3. Retrieved from asmasiapacific.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ASMAP-CS3_Pongkor.pdf
Madina Bersatu (2011, May 30). Kapolda Sumut Tinjau Lokasi Kerusuhan Sorikmas Mining Madina. Madina Bersatu. Retrieved from: https://usirsorikmasmining.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/kapolda-sumut-tinjau-lokasi-kerusuhan-sorikmas-mining-madina/
Male, Y. T., Reichelt-Brushett, A. J., Pocock, M., & Nanlohy, A. (2013). Recent mercury contamination from artisanal gold mining on Buru Island, Indonesia–Potential future risks to environmental health and food safety. Marine pollution bulletin, 77(1-2), 428-433.
Nainggolan, H. (2015, June 12), Illegal gold mining operations in Kalimantan threaten lives and the environment. Indonesia Expat. Retrieved from https://indonesiaexpat.biz/ business-property/illegal-gold-mining-operations-in-kalimantan-threaten-lives-and-the-environment.
Nyame, F. K., & Grant, J. A. (2014). The political economy of transitory mining in Ghana: Understanding the trajectories, triumphs, and tribulations of artisanal and small-scale operators. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(1), 75-85.
Ofosu-Mensah, E. A. (2012). Mining as a factor of social conflict in Ghana. Global Journal of History and Culture, 1(1), 7-21.
Okoh, G. A. (2014). Grievance and conflict in Ghana's gold mining industry: The case of Obuasi. Futures, 62, 51-57.
Perdana, R.S. (2014, August 26). Indo Muro Kencana: Hutang akan dibayar investor. Bisnis.com, Reterived from: https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20140826/16/252463/indo-muro-kencana-utang-akan-dibayar-investor
Persaud, A. W., Telmer, K. H., Costa, M., & Moore, M. L. (2017). Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Senegal: livelihoods, customary authority, and formalization. Society & Natural Resources, 30(8), 980-993.
Plummer, J. (2015). The Yanomami: Illegal Mining, Law, and Indigenous Rights in the Brazilian Amazon. Georgetown University Law Center, Boston University School of Public Health.
Prno, J., & Slocombe, D. S. (2012). Exploring the origins of ‘social license to operate’in the mining sector: Perspectives from governance and sustainability theories. Resources policy, 37(3), 346-357.
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Revised Edition (1999). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Resosudarmo, B. P., Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Sarosa, W., & Subiman, N. L. (2009). Socioeconomic conflicts in Indonesia's mining industry. Exploiting Natural Resources: Growth, Instability, and Conflict in the Middle East and Asia, Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 33-48.
Ryter, L. (2001). Pemuda Pancasila: The Last Loyalist Free Men of Suharto’s Order? In B. R. O’G. Anderson (Ed.), Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia (pp. 124-155). Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
Setiadji, P. (2015), Pertambangan Rakyat: Tinjauan Historis dan Legal dalam Persepsi Akademisi [People's mining: Historical and Legal Review in the perception of academics]. Retrieved from http://www.kompasiana.com/makime/pertambangan-rakyat-tinjauan-historis-dan-legal-dalam-persepsi-akademisi_54f950b4a 333110a-068b4ba2
Sícoli Pósleman, C., & Sallan, J. M. (2019). Social license to operate in the mining industry: the case of Peru. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 37(6), 480-490.
Spiegel, S., Keane, S., Metcalf, S., & Veiga, M. (2015). Implications of the Minamata Convention on Mercury for informal gold mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: from global policy debates to grassroots implementation?. Environment, development and sustainability, 17(4), 765-785.
Sumantri, A., Laelasari, E., Junita, N. R., & Nasrudin, N. (2014). Logam Merkuri pada Pekerja Penambangan Emas Tanpa Izin. [Mercury Metal in Gold Mining Workers Without Permits]. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 8(8), 398-403.
Tomiyasu, T., Kono, Y., Kodamatani, H., Hidayati, N., & Rahajoe, J. S. (2013). The distribution of mercury around the small-scale gold mining area along the Cikaniki river, Bogor, Indonesia. Environmental Research, 125, 12-19.
Tribunes.com (2012, October 30). Kerusuhan di Batangtoru: Personel Polisi pun luka-luka. Tribunes.com. Retrieved from: http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2012/10/30/ kerusuhan-di-batangtoru-personel-polisi-pun-luka-luka.
Welker, M. A. (2009). “Corporate security begins in the community”: mining, the corporate social responsibility industry, and environmental advocacy in Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology, 24(1), 142-179.
Wilson, M. L., Renne, E., Roncoli, C., Agyei-Baffour, P., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2015). Integrated assessment of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana—Part 3: Social sciences and economics. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(7), 8133-8156.
Wiriosudarmo, R. (2001). Baseline study and gap analysis on mining in Indonesia. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, Edition October 2001, No. 183 (p 52), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Word Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Retrieved from: http://pubs.iied.org.
References
Aspinall, C. (2001). Small-scale mining in Indonesia (Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development Report 79). International Institute for Environment and Development and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, England. Retrieved from https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00725.pdf
Basu, N., Clarke, E., Green, A., Calys-Tagoe, B., Chan, L., Dzodzomenyo, M., ... & Wilson, M. L. (2015). Integrated assessment of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana—Part 1: Human health review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(5), 5143-5176.
BPS-Statistics of Murung Raya Regency (2020), Murung Raya Regency in Figures 2020. Retrieved from https://murakab.bps.go.id/ publication/2020/04/27/d64a22d5ccb0f5df1fd91bd0/kabupaten-murung-raya-dalam-angka-2020.html.
Buxton, A. (2013). Responding to the challenge of ASM: How can knowledge networks help? International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Word Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Retrieved from https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16532IIED.pdf
Cochraine, J. (2014, January 2). Small-scale Gold Mining Pollutes Indonesian Lands. International Business, New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ 2014/01/03/business/international/small-scale-goldmining-pollutes-indonesian-lands.html
Coulson, N., Ledwaba, P., & McCallum, A. (2017). Building resilient company-community relationships: a preliminary observation of the thoughts and experiences of community relations practitioners across Africa. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 117(1), 7-12.
Crawford, G., & Botchwey, G. (2017). Conflict, collusion and corruption in small-scale gold mining: Chinese miners and the state in Ghana. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55(4), 444-470.
Daily Graphic Newspaper (2013, February 11). Chinese arrested for shooting three Manso Abodom youth. Daily Graphic Newspaper. Retrieved from http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/9076-chinese-arrested-for-shooting-three-manso-abodom-youth.html
Faturrahman (2018, June 3), Warga Bentrok dengan TNI-Polri di Perusahaan Tambang Emas PT IMK Puruk Cahu, Polisi Terluka. Banjarmasin Post. Retrieved from https://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2018/06/03/warga-bentrok-dengan-tni-polri-di-perusahaan-tambang-emas-pt-imk-puruk-cahu-polisi-terluka.
Hasibuan, O. P., Tjakraatmadja, J. H., & Sunitiyoso, Y. (2020). Illegal gold mining in Indonesia: structure and causes. International Journal of Emerging Markets. Advance online publication.
Hilson, G., Amankwah, R., & Ofori-Sarpong, G. (2013). Going for gold: transitional livelihoods in Northern Ghana. The journal of modern African studies, 51(1), 109-137.
Huxham, C. (2003). Theorizing collaboration practice. Public management review, 5(3), 401-423.
Idrobo, N., Mejía, D., & Tribin, A. M. (2014). Illegal gold mining and violence in Colombia. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(1), 83-111.
Indo Muro Kencana (2018). Monthly Management Board Report: Project Overview, March 2018. Unpublished report.
Indo Muro Kencana (2020). Monthly Site Report: Special Project, April 2020. Unpublished report.
Ismawati, Y. (2014). Gold, mercury and the next Minamata. Indonesian Journal of Leadership, Policy and World Affairs, April–June. Retrieved from www.sr-indonesia.com/in-the-journal/view/gold-mercury-and-the-next-minamata.
JPPN.com (2013, June 29). 6 Brimob Tewas, Lima Warga Tertembak. JPPN.com. Retrieved from: https://www. jpnn.com/news/6-anggota-brimob-tewas-5-warga-tertembak
Kervankiran, I., Dziwornu, M. G., & Temurçin, K. (2016). Illegal mining as threat to sustainable development in Ghana: A political ecology approach. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken/Journal of World of Turks, 8(3), 173-192.
Kompas.com (2012, July 07). 60 Polisi Disiagakan Pasca Kerusuhan Sorikmas. Kompas.com. Retrieved from: https://ekonomi.kompas. com/read/2012/07/09/04390922/60.polisi.disiagakan.pasca.kerusuhan.sorikmas.
Lestari, N. I. (2007). Illegal gold mining in West Java: can Antam’s community development programs win over cynical locals?. Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Asia-Pacific Case Studies Series 3. Retrieved from asmasiapacific.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ASMAP-CS3_Pongkor.pdf
Madina Bersatu (2011, May 30). Kapolda Sumut Tinjau Lokasi Kerusuhan Sorikmas Mining Madina. Madina Bersatu. Retrieved from: https://usirsorikmasmining.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/kapolda-sumut-tinjau-lokasi-kerusuhan-sorikmas-mining-madina/
Male, Y. T., Reichelt-Brushett, A. J., Pocock, M., & Nanlohy, A. (2013). Recent mercury contamination from artisanal gold mining on Buru Island, Indonesia–Potential future risks to environmental health and food safety. Marine pollution bulletin, 77(1-2), 428-433.
Nainggolan, H. (2015, June 12), Illegal gold mining operations in Kalimantan threaten lives and the environment. Indonesia Expat. Retrieved from https://indonesiaexpat.biz/ business-property/illegal-gold-mining-operations-in-kalimantan-threaten-lives-and-the-environment.
Nyame, F. K., & Grant, J. A. (2014). The political economy of transitory mining in Ghana: Understanding the trajectories, triumphs, and tribulations of artisanal and small-scale operators. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(1), 75-85.
Ofosu-Mensah, E. A. (2012). Mining as a factor of social conflict in Ghana. Global Journal of History and Culture, 1(1), 7-21.
Okoh, G. A. (2014). Grievance and conflict in Ghana's gold mining industry: The case of Obuasi. Futures, 62, 51-57.
Perdana, R.S. (2014, August 26). Indo Muro Kencana: Hutang akan dibayar investor. Bisnis.com, Reterived from: https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20140826/16/252463/indo-muro-kencana-utang-akan-dibayar-investor
Persaud, A. W., Telmer, K. H., Costa, M., & Moore, M. L. (2017). Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Senegal: livelihoods, customary authority, and formalization. Society & Natural Resources, 30(8), 980-993.
Plummer, J. (2015). The Yanomami: Illegal Mining, Law, and Indigenous Rights in the Brazilian Amazon. Georgetown University Law Center, Boston University School of Public Health.
Prno, J., & Slocombe, D. S. (2012). Exploring the origins of ‘social license to operate’in the mining sector: Perspectives from governance and sustainability theories. Resources policy, 37(3), 346-357.
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Revised Edition (1999). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Resosudarmo, B. P., Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Sarosa, W., & Subiman, N. L. (2009). Socioeconomic conflicts in Indonesia's mining industry. Exploiting Natural Resources: Growth, Instability, and Conflict in the Middle East and Asia, Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 33-48.
Ryter, L. (2001). Pemuda Pancasila: The Last Loyalist Free Men of Suharto’s Order? In B. R. O’G. Anderson (Ed.), Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia (pp. 124-155). Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
Setiadji, P. (2015), Pertambangan Rakyat: Tinjauan Historis dan Legal dalam Persepsi Akademisi [People's mining: Historical and Legal Review in the perception of academics]. Retrieved from http://www.kompasiana.com/makime/pertambangan-rakyat-tinjauan-historis-dan-legal-dalam-persepsi-akademisi_54f950b4a 333110a-068b4ba2
Sícoli Pósleman, C., & Sallan, J. M. (2019). Social license to operate in the mining industry: the case of Peru. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 37(6), 480-490.
Spiegel, S., Keane, S., Metcalf, S., & Veiga, M. (2015). Implications of the Minamata Convention on Mercury for informal gold mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: from global policy debates to grassroots implementation?. Environment, development and sustainability, 17(4), 765-785.
Sumantri, A., Laelasari, E., Junita, N. R., & Nasrudin, N. (2014). Logam Merkuri pada Pekerja Penambangan Emas Tanpa Izin. [Mercury Metal in Gold Mining Workers Without Permits]. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 8(8), 398-403.
Tomiyasu, T., Kono, Y., Kodamatani, H., Hidayati, N., & Rahajoe, J. S. (2013). The distribution of mercury around the small-scale gold mining area along the Cikaniki river, Bogor, Indonesia. Environmental Research, 125, 12-19.
Tribunes.com (2012, October 30). Kerusuhan di Batangtoru: Personel Polisi pun luka-luka. Tribunes.com. Retrieved from: http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2012/10/30/ kerusuhan-di-batangtoru-personel-polisi-pun-luka-luka.
Welker, M. A. (2009). “Corporate security begins in the community”: mining, the corporate social responsibility industry, and environmental advocacy in Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology, 24(1), 142-179.
Wilson, M. L., Renne, E., Roncoli, C., Agyei-Baffour, P., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2015). Integrated assessment of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana—Part 3: Social sciences and economics. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(7), 8133-8156.
Wiriosudarmo, R. (2001). Baseline study and gap analysis on mining in Indonesia. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, Edition October 2001, No. 183 (p 52), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Word Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Retrieved from: http://pubs.iied.org.
Basu, N., Clarke, E., Green, A., Calys-Tagoe, B., Chan, L., Dzodzomenyo, M., ... & Wilson, M. L. (2015). Integrated assessment of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana—Part 1: Human health review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(5), 5143-5176.
BPS-Statistics of Murung Raya Regency (2020), Murung Raya Regency in Figures 2020. Retrieved from https://murakab.bps.go.id/ publication/2020/04/27/d64a22d5ccb0f5df1fd91bd0/kabupaten-murung-raya-dalam-angka-2020.html.
Buxton, A. (2013). Responding to the challenge of ASM: How can knowledge networks help? International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Word Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Retrieved from https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16532IIED.pdf
Cochraine, J. (2014, January 2). Small-scale Gold Mining Pollutes Indonesian Lands. International Business, New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ 2014/01/03/business/international/small-scale-goldmining-pollutes-indonesian-lands.html
Coulson, N., Ledwaba, P., & McCallum, A. (2017). Building resilient company-community relationships: a preliminary observation of the thoughts and experiences of community relations practitioners across Africa. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 117(1), 7-12.
Crawford, G., & Botchwey, G. (2017). Conflict, collusion and corruption in small-scale gold mining: Chinese miners and the state in Ghana. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55(4), 444-470.
Daily Graphic Newspaper (2013, February 11). Chinese arrested for shooting three Manso Abodom youth. Daily Graphic Newspaper. Retrieved from http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/9076-chinese-arrested-for-shooting-three-manso-abodom-youth.html
Faturrahman (2018, June 3), Warga Bentrok dengan TNI-Polri di Perusahaan Tambang Emas PT IMK Puruk Cahu, Polisi Terluka. Banjarmasin Post. Retrieved from https://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2018/06/03/warga-bentrok-dengan-tni-polri-di-perusahaan-tambang-emas-pt-imk-puruk-cahu-polisi-terluka.
Hasibuan, O. P., Tjakraatmadja, J. H., & Sunitiyoso, Y. (2020). Illegal gold mining in Indonesia: structure and causes. International Journal of Emerging Markets. Advance online publication.
Hilson, G., Amankwah, R., & Ofori-Sarpong, G. (2013). Going for gold: transitional livelihoods in Northern Ghana. The journal of modern African studies, 51(1), 109-137.
Huxham, C. (2003). Theorizing collaboration practice. Public management review, 5(3), 401-423.
Idrobo, N., Mejía, D., & Tribin, A. M. (2014). Illegal gold mining and violence in Colombia. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(1), 83-111.
Indo Muro Kencana (2018). Monthly Management Board Report: Project Overview, March 2018. Unpublished report.
Indo Muro Kencana (2020). Monthly Site Report: Special Project, April 2020. Unpublished report.
Ismawati, Y. (2014). Gold, mercury and the next Minamata. Indonesian Journal of Leadership, Policy and World Affairs, April–June. Retrieved from www.sr-indonesia.com/in-the-journal/view/gold-mercury-and-the-next-minamata.
JPPN.com (2013, June 29). 6 Brimob Tewas, Lima Warga Tertembak. JPPN.com. Retrieved from: https://www. jpnn.com/news/6-anggota-brimob-tewas-5-warga-tertembak
Kervankiran, I., Dziwornu, M. G., & Temurçin, K. (2016). Illegal mining as threat to sustainable development in Ghana: A political ecology approach. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken/Journal of World of Turks, 8(3), 173-192.
Kompas.com (2012, July 07). 60 Polisi Disiagakan Pasca Kerusuhan Sorikmas. Kompas.com. Retrieved from: https://ekonomi.kompas. com/read/2012/07/09/04390922/60.polisi.disiagakan.pasca.kerusuhan.sorikmas.
Lestari, N. I. (2007). Illegal gold mining in West Java: can Antam’s community development programs win over cynical locals?. Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Asia-Pacific Case Studies Series 3. Retrieved from asmasiapacific.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ASMAP-CS3_Pongkor.pdf
Madina Bersatu (2011, May 30). Kapolda Sumut Tinjau Lokasi Kerusuhan Sorikmas Mining Madina. Madina Bersatu. Retrieved from: https://usirsorikmasmining.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/kapolda-sumut-tinjau-lokasi-kerusuhan-sorikmas-mining-madina/
Male, Y. T., Reichelt-Brushett, A. J., Pocock, M., & Nanlohy, A. (2013). Recent mercury contamination from artisanal gold mining on Buru Island, Indonesia–Potential future risks to environmental health and food safety. Marine pollution bulletin, 77(1-2), 428-433.
Nainggolan, H. (2015, June 12), Illegal gold mining operations in Kalimantan threaten lives and the environment. Indonesia Expat. Retrieved from https://indonesiaexpat.biz/ business-property/illegal-gold-mining-operations-in-kalimantan-threaten-lives-and-the-environment.
Nyame, F. K., & Grant, J. A. (2014). The political economy of transitory mining in Ghana: Understanding the trajectories, triumphs, and tribulations of artisanal and small-scale operators. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(1), 75-85.
Ofosu-Mensah, E. A. (2012). Mining as a factor of social conflict in Ghana. Global Journal of History and Culture, 1(1), 7-21.
Okoh, G. A. (2014). Grievance and conflict in Ghana's gold mining industry: The case of Obuasi. Futures, 62, 51-57.
Perdana, R.S. (2014, August 26). Indo Muro Kencana: Hutang akan dibayar investor. Bisnis.com, Reterived from: https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20140826/16/252463/indo-muro-kencana-utang-akan-dibayar-investor
Persaud, A. W., Telmer, K. H., Costa, M., & Moore, M. L. (2017). Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Senegal: livelihoods, customary authority, and formalization. Society & Natural Resources, 30(8), 980-993.
Plummer, J. (2015). The Yanomami: Illegal Mining, Law, and Indigenous Rights in the Brazilian Amazon. Georgetown University Law Center, Boston University School of Public Health.
Prno, J., & Slocombe, D. S. (2012). Exploring the origins of ‘social license to operate’in the mining sector: Perspectives from governance and sustainability theories. Resources policy, 37(3), 346-357.
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Revised Edition (1999). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Resosudarmo, B. P., Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Sarosa, W., & Subiman, N. L. (2009). Socioeconomic conflicts in Indonesia's mining industry. Exploiting Natural Resources: Growth, Instability, and Conflict in the Middle East and Asia, Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 33-48.
Ryter, L. (2001). Pemuda Pancasila: The Last Loyalist Free Men of Suharto’s Order? In B. R. O’G. Anderson (Ed.), Violence and the State in Suharto’s Indonesia (pp. 124-155). Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
Setiadji, P. (2015), Pertambangan Rakyat: Tinjauan Historis dan Legal dalam Persepsi Akademisi [People's mining: Historical and Legal Review in the perception of academics]. Retrieved from http://www.kompasiana.com/makime/pertambangan-rakyat-tinjauan-historis-dan-legal-dalam-persepsi-akademisi_54f950b4a 333110a-068b4ba2
Sícoli Pósleman, C., & Sallan, J. M. (2019). Social license to operate in the mining industry: the case of Peru. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 37(6), 480-490.
Spiegel, S., Keane, S., Metcalf, S., & Veiga, M. (2015). Implications of the Minamata Convention on Mercury for informal gold mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: from global policy debates to grassroots implementation?. Environment, development and sustainability, 17(4), 765-785.
Sumantri, A., Laelasari, E., Junita, N. R., & Nasrudin, N. (2014). Logam Merkuri pada Pekerja Penambangan Emas Tanpa Izin. [Mercury Metal in Gold Mining Workers Without Permits]. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 8(8), 398-403.
Tomiyasu, T., Kono, Y., Kodamatani, H., Hidayati, N., & Rahajoe, J. S. (2013). The distribution of mercury around the small-scale gold mining area along the Cikaniki river, Bogor, Indonesia. Environmental Research, 125, 12-19.
Tribunes.com (2012, October 30). Kerusuhan di Batangtoru: Personel Polisi pun luka-luka. Tribunes.com. Retrieved from: http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2012/10/30/ kerusuhan-di-batangtoru-personel-polisi-pun-luka-luka.
Welker, M. A. (2009). “Corporate security begins in the community”: mining, the corporate social responsibility industry, and environmental advocacy in Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology, 24(1), 142-179.
Wilson, M. L., Renne, E., Roncoli, C., Agyei-Baffour, P., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2015). Integrated assessment of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana—Part 3: Social sciences and economics. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(7), 8133-8156.
Wiriosudarmo, R. (2001). Baseline study and gap analysis on mining in Indonesia. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, Edition October 2001, No. 183 (p 52), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Word Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Retrieved from: http://pubs.iied.org.