Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. The development of digital technology has significantly changed the business landscape. The emergence of new business models provides a greater potential to become more profitable. Therefore, many companies tread the path towards transformation through the adoption and use of digital technologies to catch the opportunities. Unfortunately, many companies fail to understand that the use of digital technologies requires different preparations. One of them is the requirement of an adequate level of digital readiness. The measurement of digital readiness is hindered due to the absence of a reliable, valid and specific model in measuring this construct. As a result, in order to measure the digital readiness of their employees, many companies are applying the existing technology readiness models which can be found in the current literature. This paper aims to provide a viewpoint of the adequacy of existing models for digital readiness measurement with a conception that digital readiness is not only a perception of a digital as an independent object but also as an integrated object.
Keywords: Digital technology, digital transformation, digital readiness, readiness model
Keywords
digital technology
digital transformation
digital readiness
readiness model
Article Details
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Copyright @2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium
How to Cite
Nasution, R. A., Rusnandi, L. S. L., Qodariah, E., Arnita, D., & Windasari, N. A. (2019). The Evaluation of Digital Readiness Concept: Existing Models and Future Directions. The Asian Journal of Technology Management (AJTM), 11(2), 94–117. https://doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2018.11.2.3
References
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Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology. Information systems research, 9(2), 204-215.
Ariff, M.S.M., Yeow, S.M., Zakuan, N., Jusoh, A., & Bahari, A.Z. (2012). The effects of computer self-efficacy and technology acceptance model on behavioral intention in internet banking systems. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 448-452
Arnold, M.B. (1960). Emotion and personality (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Baartman, L. K. J., & Bruijn, E. (2011) Integrating knowledge, skills and attitudes: Conceptualising learning process towards vocational competence. Educational Research Review (6), 125-134.
Bandura, Albert (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215
Bandura, Albert. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (2007). Much ado over a faulty conception of perceived self–efficacy grounded in faulty experimentation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(6), 641-658.
Beller, E. K. (1972). The concept readiness and several applications. Exploring Human Development: Interdisciplinary readings. Bernard, H. W. and Huckins, W. C. Boston, Ally and Bacon Inc.: 507-518.
BenMoussa, C. (2003). Workers on the move: New opportunities through mobile commerce. Stockholm mobility roundtable, 22-23.
Berger, S. C. (2009). Self-service technology for sales purposes in branch banking: The impact of personality and relationship on customer adoption. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 27(7), 488–505.
Beuningen, J.V., Ruyter, K.D., Wetzels, M., & Streukens, S. (2009). Customer self-efficacy in technology-based self-service. Journal of Service Research, 11(4), 407-428
Biran, M., & Wilson, G. T. (1981). Treatment of phobic disorders using cognitive and exposure methods: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(6), 886.
Bromideh, A.A. (2012). Factors affecting customer e-readiness to embrace auto e-insurance in Iran. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 17(1)
Cheon, J., Lee, S., Crooks, S.M., & Song, J. (2012). An investigation of mobile learning readiness in higher education based on the theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 1054 - 1064
Chung, N., Han, H., & Joun, Y. (2015) Tourists’ intention to visit destination: Role of augmented reality applications for heritage site. Computers in Human Behavior.
Churchill, D., & Churchill, N. (2008). Educational affordances of PDAs: A study of a teacher’s exploration of this technology. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1439-1450.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340
De Riveral, J. (1977). A structural theory of the emotions. New York: International Universities Press.
Feltz, D. L., Landers, D. M., & Raeder, U. (1979). Enhancing self-efficacy in high-avoidance motor tasks: A comparison of modeling techniques. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(2), 112-122.
Fridja, N.H., Kuipers, P., & Schure, E.T. (1989). Relations Among Emotion, Appraisal, and Emotional Action Readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212-228.
Gesell, A. L. (1928). Infancy and Human Growth. NY, Macmillan.
Hamzah, A. & Mustafa, S. E. (2014). Digital Readiness of Malaysian Journalists. Advances in Journalism and Communication, 2, 58-67.
Hirschman, E. C. (1980). Innovativeness, novelty seeking, and consumer creativity. Journal of consumer research, 7(3), 283-295.
Horrigan, J.B. (2016). Digital Readiness Gaps. Pew Research Center.
Horton, W. (2006). E-learning by design. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer
James, J. (2008). Digital Preparedness Versus the Digital Divide: A Confusion of Means and Ends. Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(5), 785–791
James, J. (2011). Internet skills in developing countries: how much do we know? Information Development, 27(2), 94–99
Katsouli, E. (2006). Investigating the Impact of Technology and Network Readiness on National Competitiveness. Journal of Information Technology Impact, 6(3), 153-160.
Katz, R. C., Stout, A. L., Home, M., Taylor, C. B., & Agras, W. S. (1981). The use of propranolol in the treatment of severe spider phobics. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
Klopfer, E., Squire, K., & Jenkins, H. (2002). Environmental detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world. In Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE International Workshop on (pp. 95-98). IEEE.
Lai, J. & Ong, C. (2010). Assessing and managing employees for embracing change: A multiple-item scale to measure employee readiness for e-business. Technovation. 30. 76-85.
Liljander, V., Gillberg, F., Gummerus, J., & Riel, A. (2006) Technology readiness and the evaluation and adoption of self-service technologies. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 13. 177-191.
Lin, C. H., Shih, H. Y., & Sher, P. J. (2007). Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The TRAM model. Psychology & Marketing, 24(7), 641–657.
Lin, H.H., Lin, S., Yeh, C.H. & Wang, Y.S. (2016). Measuring mobile learning readiness: scale development and validation. Internet Research, 26(1), 265 - 287
Lin, J. S. C., & Chang, H. C. (2011). The role of technology readiness in self-service technology acceptance. Managing Service Quality, 21(4), 424–444.
Lin, J. S. C., & Hsieh, P. L. (2007). The influence of technology readiness on satisfaction and behavioral intentions toward self-service technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1597–1615.
Midgley, D. F., & Dowling, G. R. (1978). Innovativeness: The concept and its measurement. Journal of consumer research, 4(4), 229-242.
Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G. N., & Sharples, M. (2004). Mobile technologies and learning.
Oh, J. C., Yoon, S. J., & Chung, N. (2014). The role of technology readiness in consumers’ adoption of mobile internet services between South Korea and China. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 12(3), 229–248.
Parasuraman, A. (2000) Technology readiness index (tri) a multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2, 307-320.
Peters, K. (2007). m-Learning: Positioning educators for a mobile, connected future. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2).
Potnis, D.P. & Pardo, T.A. (2011). Mapping the evolution of e-Readiness assessments. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 5(4), 345 – 363.
Pullen, D. L. (Ed.). (2009). Technoliteracy, Discourse, and Social Practice: Frameworks and Applications in the Digital Age: Frameworks and Applications in the Digital Age. IGI Global.
Punchihewa, D.J. (2004). The measurement of e-Government readiness in Sri Lanka: survey perspectives. In the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on e-Governance: from policy to reality, 29th November to 4th December 2004, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Quaicoe J.S. & Pata, K. (2015). Modelling Factors Influencing Digital Readiness: A Case of Teachers in Ghana’s Basic School System. In: Li F., Klamma R., Laanpere M., Zhang J., Manjón B., Lau R. (eds) Advances in Web-Based Learning -- ICWL 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9412. Springer, Cham
Queensland Department of Trade and Industry (2016). CCIQ Digital Readiness Study 2016.
Rojas-Méndez, J. I., Parasuraman, A., & Papadopoulos, N. (2017). Demographics, attitudes, and technology readiness: A cross-cultural analysis and model validation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(1), 18-39.
Scherer, K. R. (1999). Appraisal theory. Handbook of cognition and emotion, 637-663.
Sharples, M. (2000). The design of personal mobile technologies for lifelong learning. Computers & Education, 34(3-4), 177-193.
Shaver, P., Schwarts, J., Kirson, D, & O’Connor, C. (1987). Emotion Knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Behavior. 52, 1061-1086.
Solomon, G. F. (1981). Emotional and personality factors in the onset and course of autoimmune disease, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Psychoneuroimmunology, 159-182.
Taylor, S. A., Celuch, K., & Goodwin, S., (2002). Technology readiness in the e-insurance industry: an exploratory investigation and development of an agent technology e-consumption model. Journal of Insurance. 25 (2) 142-165.
Walczuch, R., Lemmink, J., & Streukens, S., (2007) The effect of service employees’ technology readiness on technology acceptance. Information & Management. 44. 206-215.
Weiss, C. H. (1980) Knowledge creep and decision accretion. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization. 1(3), 381-404.
Westerman, G., D. Bonnet, & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading Digital, Turning Technology into Business Transformation, Harvard Business Press.
World Economic Forum (2016). The Digital Media Readiness Framework. White Paper of Global Agenda Council on the Future of Media, Entertainment & Information.
Yuen, S. C. Y., & Yuen, P. K. (2008). Mobile learning. In Encyclopedia of information technology curriculum integration (pp. 580-586). IGI Global.
References
Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology. Information systems research, 9(2), 204-215.
Ariff, M.S.M., Yeow, S.M., Zakuan, N., Jusoh, A., & Bahari, A.Z. (2012). The effects of computer self-efficacy and technology acceptance model on behavioral intention in internet banking systems. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 448-452
Arnold, M.B. (1960). Emotion and personality (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Baartman, L. K. J., & Bruijn, E. (2011) Integrating knowledge, skills and attitudes: Conceptualising learning process towards vocational competence. Educational Research Review (6), 125-134.
Bandura, Albert (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215
Bandura, Albert. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (2007). Much ado over a faulty conception of perceived self–efficacy grounded in faulty experimentation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(6), 641-658.
Beller, E. K. (1972). The concept readiness and several applications. Exploring Human Development: Interdisciplinary readings. Bernard, H. W. and Huckins, W. C. Boston, Ally and Bacon Inc.: 507-518.
BenMoussa, C. (2003). Workers on the move: New opportunities through mobile commerce. Stockholm mobility roundtable, 22-23.
Berger, S. C. (2009). Self-service technology for sales purposes in branch banking: The impact of personality and relationship on customer adoption. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 27(7), 488–505.
Beuningen, J.V., Ruyter, K.D., Wetzels, M., & Streukens, S. (2009). Customer self-efficacy in technology-based self-service. Journal of Service Research, 11(4), 407-428
Biran, M., & Wilson, G. T. (1981). Treatment of phobic disorders using cognitive and exposure methods: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(6), 886.
Bromideh, A.A. (2012). Factors affecting customer e-readiness to embrace auto e-insurance in Iran. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 17(1)
Cheon, J., Lee, S., Crooks, S.M., & Song, J. (2012). An investigation of mobile learning readiness in higher education based on the theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 1054 - 1064
Chung, N., Han, H., & Joun, Y. (2015) Tourists’ intention to visit destination: Role of augmented reality applications for heritage site. Computers in Human Behavior.
Churchill, D., & Churchill, N. (2008). Educational affordances of PDAs: A study of a teacher’s exploration of this technology. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1439-1450.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340
De Riveral, J. (1977). A structural theory of the emotions. New York: International Universities Press.
Feltz, D. L., Landers, D. M., & Raeder, U. (1979). Enhancing self-efficacy in high-avoidance motor tasks: A comparison of modeling techniques. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(2), 112-122.
Fridja, N.H., Kuipers, P., & Schure, E.T. (1989). Relations Among Emotion, Appraisal, and Emotional Action Readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212-228.
Gesell, A. L. (1928). Infancy and Human Growth. NY, Macmillan.
Hamzah, A. & Mustafa, S. E. (2014). Digital Readiness of Malaysian Journalists. Advances in Journalism and Communication, 2, 58-67.
Hirschman, E. C. (1980). Innovativeness, novelty seeking, and consumer creativity. Journal of consumer research, 7(3), 283-295.
Horrigan, J.B. (2016). Digital Readiness Gaps. Pew Research Center.
Horton, W. (2006). E-learning by design. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer
James, J. (2008). Digital Preparedness Versus the Digital Divide: A Confusion of Means and Ends. Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(5), 785–791
James, J. (2011). Internet skills in developing countries: how much do we know? Information Development, 27(2), 94–99
Katsouli, E. (2006). Investigating the Impact of Technology and Network Readiness on National Competitiveness. Journal of Information Technology Impact, 6(3), 153-160.
Katz, R. C., Stout, A. L., Home, M., Taylor, C. B., & Agras, W. S. (1981). The use of propranolol in the treatment of severe spider phobics. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
Klopfer, E., Squire, K., & Jenkins, H. (2002). Environmental detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world. In Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE International Workshop on (pp. 95-98). IEEE.
Lai, J. & Ong, C. (2010). Assessing and managing employees for embracing change: A multiple-item scale to measure employee readiness for e-business. Technovation. 30. 76-85.
Liljander, V., Gillberg, F., Gummerus, J., & Riel, A. (2006) Technology readiness and the evaluation and adoption of self-service technologies. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 13. 177-191.
Lin, C. H., Shih, H. Y., & Sher, P. J. (2007). Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The TRAM model. Psychology & Marketing, 24(7), 641–657.
Lin, H.H., Lin, S., Yeh, C.H. & Wang, Y.S. (2016). Measuring mobile learning readiness: scale development and validation. Internet Research, 26(1), 265 - 287
Lin, J. S. C., & Chang, H. C. (2011). The role of technology readiness in self-service technology acceptance. Managing Service Quality, 21(4), 424–444.
Lin, J. S. C., & Hsieh, P. L. (2007). The influence of technology readiness on satisfaction and behavioral intentions toward self-service technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1597–1615.
Midgley, D. F., & Dowling, G. R. (1978). Innovativeness: The concept and its measurement. Journal of consumer research, 4(4), 229-242.
Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G. N., & Sharples, M. (2004). Mobile technologies and learning.
Oh, J. C., Yoon, S. J., & Chung, N. (2014). The role of technology readiness in consumers’ adoption of mobile internet services between South Korea and China. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 12(3), 229–248.
Parasuraman, A. (2000) Technology readiness index (tri) a multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2, 307-320.
Peters, K. (2007). m-Learning: Positioning educators for a mobile, connected future. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2).
Potnis, D.P. & Pardo, T.A. (2011). Mapping the evolution of e-Readiness assessments. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 5(4), 345 – 363.
Pullen, D. L. (Ed.). (2009). Technoliteracy, Discourse, and Social Practice: Frameworks and Applications in the Digital Age: Frameworks and Applications in the Digital Age. IGI Global.
Punchihewa, D.J. (2004). The measurement of e-Government readiness in Sri Lanka: survey perspectives. In the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on e-Governance: from policy to reality, 29th November to 4th December 2004, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Quaicoe J.S. & Pata, K. (2015). Modelling Factors Influencing Digital Readiness: A Case of Teachers in Ghana’s Basic School System. In: Li F., Klamma R., Laanpere M., Zhang J., Manjón B., Lau R. (eds) Advances in Web-Based Learning -- ICWL 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9412. Springer, Cham
Queensland Department of Trade and Industry (2016). CCIQ Digital Readiness Study 2016.
Rojas-Méndez, J. I., Parasuraman, A., & Papadopoulos, N. (2017). Demographics, attitudes, and technology readiness: A cross-cultural analysis and model validation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(1), 18-39.
Scherer, K. R. (1999). Appraisal theory. Handbook of cognition and emotion, 637-663.
Sharples, M. (2000). The design of personal mobile technologies for lifelong learning. Computers & Education, 34(3-4), 177-193.
Shaver, P., Schwarts, J., Kirson, D, & O’Connor, C. (1987). Emotion Knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Behavior. 52, 1061-1086.
Solomon, G. F. (1981). Emotional and personality factors in the onset and course of autoimmune disease, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Psychoneuroimmunology, 159-182.
Taylor, S. A., Celuch, K., & Goodwin, S., (2002). Technology readiness in the e-insurance industry: an exploratory investigation and development of an agent technology e-consumption model. Journal of Insurance. 25 (2) 142-165.
Walczuch, R., Lemmink, J., & Streukens, S., (2007) The effect of service employees’ technology readiness on technology acceptance. Information & Management. 44. 206-215.
Weiss, C. H. (1980) Knowledge creep and decision accretion. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization. 1(3), 381-404.
Westerman, G., D. Bonnet, & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading Digital, Turning Technology into Business Transformation, Harvard Business Press.
World Economic Forum (2016). The Digital Media Readiness Framework. White Paper of Global Agenda Council on the Future of Media, Entertainment & Information.
Yuen, S. C. Y., & Yuen, P. K. (2008). Mobile learning. In Encyclopedia of information technology curriculum integration (pp. 580-586). IGI Global.
Ariff, M.S.M., Yeow, S.M., Zakuan, N., Jusoh, A., & Bahari, A.Z. (2012). The effects of computer self-efficacy and technology acceptance model on behavioral intention in internet banking systems. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 448-452
Arnold, M.B. (1960). Emotion and personality (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Baartman, L. K. J., & Bruijn, E. (2011) Integrating knowledge, skills and attitudes: Conceptualising learning process towards vocational competence. Educational Research Review (6), 125-134.
Bandura, Albert (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215
Bandura, Albert. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (2007). Much ado over a faulty conception of perceived self–efficacy grounded in faulty experimentation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(6), 641-658.
Beller, E. K. (1972). The concept readiness and several applications. Exploring Human Development: Interdisciplinary readings. Bernard, H. W. and Huckins, W. C. Boston, Ally and Bacon Inc.: 507-518.
BenMoussa, C. (2003). Workers on the move: New opportunities through mobile commerce. Stockholm mobility roundtable, 22-23.
Berger, S. C. (2009). Self-service technology for sales purposes in branch banking: The impact of personality and relationship on customer adoption. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 27(7), 488–505.
Beuningen, J.V., Ruyter, K.D., Wetzels, M., & Streukens, S. (2009). Customer self-efficacy in technology-based self-service. Journal of Service Research, 11(4), 407-428
Biran, M., & Wilson, G. T. (1981). Treatment of phobic disorders using cognitive and exposure methods: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(6), 886.
Bromideh, A.A. (2012). Factors affecting customer e-readiness to embrace auto e-insurance in Iran. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 17(1)
Cheon, J., Lee, S., Crooks, S.M., & Song, J. (2012). An investigation of mobile learning readiness in higher education based on the theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 1054 - 1064
Chung, N., Han, H., & Joun, Y. (2015) Tourists’ intention to visit destination: Role of augmented reality applications for heritage site. Computers in Human Behavior.
Churchill, D., & Churchill, N. (2008). Educational affordances of PDAs: A study of a teacher’s exploration of this technology. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1439-1450.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340
De Riveral, J. (1977). A structural theory of the emotions. New York: International Universities Press.
Feltz, D. L., Landers, D. M., & Raeder, U. (1979). Enhancing self-efficacy in high-avoidance motor tasks: A comparison of modeling techniques. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(2), 112-122.
Fridja, N.H., Kuipers, P., & Schure, E.T. (1989). Relations Among Emotion, Appraisal, and Emotional Action Readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212-228.
Gesell, A. L. (1928). Infancy and Human Growth. NY, Macmillan.
Hamzah, A. & Mustafa, S. E. (2014). Digital Readiness of Malaysian Journalists. Advances in Journalism and Communication, 2, 58-67.
Hirschman, E. C. (1980). Innovativeness, novelty seeking, and consumer creativity. Journal of consumer research, 7(3), 283-295.
Horrigan, J.B. (2016). Digital Readiness Gaps. Pew Research Center.
Horton, W. (2006). E-learning by design. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer
James, J. (2008). Digital Preparedness Versus the Digital Divide: A Confusion of Means and Ends. Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(5), 785–791
James, J. (2011). Internet skills in developing countries: how much do we know? Information Development, 27(2), 94–99
Katsouli, E. (2006). Investigating the Impact of Technology and Network Readiness on National Competitiveness. Journal of Information Technology Impact, 6(3), 153-160.
Katz, R. C., Stout, A. L., Home, M., Taylor, C. B., & Agras, W. S. (1981). The use of propranolol in the treatment of severe spider phobics. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
Klopfer, E., Squire, K., & Jenkins, H. (2002). Environmental detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world. In Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE International Workshop on (pp. 95-98). IEEE.
Lai, J. & Ong, C. (2010). Assessing and managing employees for embracing change: A multiple-item scale to measure employee readiness for e-business. Technovation. 30. 76-85.
Liljander, V., Gillberg, F., Gummerus, J., & Riel, A. (2006) Technology readiness and the evaluation and adoption of self-service technologies. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 13. 177-191.
Lin, C. H., Shih, H. Y., & Sher, P. J. (2007). Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The TRAM model. Psychology & Marketing, 24(7), 641–657.
Lin, H.H., Lin, S., Yeh, C.H. & Wang, Y.S. (2016). Measuring mobile learning readiness: scale development and validation. Internet Research, 26(1), 265 - 287
Lin, J. S. C., & Chang, H. C. (2011). The role of technology readiness in self-service technology acceptance. Managing Service Quality, 21(4), 424–444.
Lin, J. S. C., & Hsieh, P. L. (2007). The influence of technology readiness on satisfaction and behavioral intentions toward self-service technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1597–1615.
Midgley, D. F., & Dowling, G. R. (1978). Innovativeness: The concept and its measurement. Journal of consumer research, 4(4), 229-242.
Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G. N., & Sharples, M. (2004). Mobile technologies and learning.
Oh, J. C., Yoon, S. J., & Chung, N. (2014). The role of technology readiness in consumers’ adoption of mobile internet services between South Korea and China. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 12(3), 229–248.
Parasuraman, A. (2000) Technology readiness index (tri) a multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2, 307-320.
Peters, K. (2007). m-Learning: Positioning educators for a mobile, connected future. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2).
Potnis, D.P. & Pardo, T.A. (2011). Mapping the evolution of e-Readiness assessments. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 5(4), 345 – 363.
Pullen, D. L. (Ed.). (2009). Technoliteracy, Discourse, and Social Practice: Frameworks and Applications in the Digital Age: Frameworks and Applications in the Digital Age. IGI Global.
Punchihewa, D.J. (2004). The measurement of e-Government readiness in Sri Lanka: survey perspectives. In the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on e-Governance: from policy to reality, 29th November to 4th December 2004, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Quaicoe J.S. & Pata, K. (2015). Modelling Factors Influencing Digital Readiness: A Case of Teachers in Ghana’s Basic School System. In: Li F., Klamma R., Laanpere M., Zhang J., Manjón B., Lau R. (eds) Advances in Web-Based Learning -- ICWL 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9412. Springer, Cham
Queensland Department of Trade and Industry (2016). CCIQ Digital Readiness Study 2016.
Rojas-Méndez, J. I., Parasuraman, A., & Papadopoulos, N. (2017). Demographics, attitudes, and technology readiness: A cross-cultural analysis and model validation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(1), 18-39.
Scherer, K. R. (1999). Appraisal theory. Handbook of cognition and emotion, 637-663.
Sharples, M. (2000). The design of personal mobile technologies for lifelong learning. Computers & Education, 34(3-4), 177-193.
Shaver, P., Schwarts, J., Kirson, D, & O’Connor, C. (1987). Emotion Knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Behavior. 52, 1061-1086.
Solomon, G. F. (1981). Emotional and personality factors in the onset and course of autoimmune disease, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Psychoneuroimmunology, 159-182.
Taylor, S. A., Celuch, K., & Goodwin, S., (2002). Technology readiness in the e-insurance industry: an exploratory investigation and development of an agent technology e-consumption model. Journal of Insurance. 25 (2) 142-165.
Walczuch, R., Lemmink, J., & Streukens, S., (2007) The effect of service employees’ technology readiness on technology acceptance. Information & Management. 44. 206-215.
Weiss, C. H. (1980) Knowledge creep and decision accretion. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization. 1(3), 381-404.
Westerman, G., D. Bonnet, & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading Digital, Turning Technology into Business Transformation, Harvard Business Press.
World Economic Forum (2016). The Digital Media Readiness Framework. White Paper of Global Agenda Council on the Future of Media, Entertainment & Information.
Yuen, S. C. Y., & Yuen, P. K. (2008). Mobile learning. In Encyclopedia of information technology curriculum integration (pp. 580-586). IGI Global.