The Role of Value Co-Creation in Shaping Perceived Learning Outcomes: A Study on Online Language Course Participants in Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract—As online language learning continues to expand, fostering meaningful tutor-learner relationships has become increasingly important for improving learning outcomes. This study examines how relationship quality influences perceived learning outcomes through the sequential roles of online learning engagement and value co-creation. A quantitative survey was conducted with 115 Indonesian participants who had attended online language courses with live tutor interaction. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test the proposed model. The results show that relationship quality positively influences all four dimensions of online learning engagement. However, only social and emotional engagement significantly contribute to value co-creation, which subsequently enhances perceived learning outcomes. These findings reveal that relationship quality improves learning outcomes primarily by stimulating affective and interpersonal engagement that encourages collaborative value creation. The study contributes by integrating relationship quality, multidimensional engagement, and value co-creation into a sequential mediation framework for explaining learning outcomes in online language education.

Keywords—Relationship quality; Online learning engagement; Value co-creation; Perceived learning outcomes