Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Education continuously undergoes transformation driven by evolving teaching-learning settings and paradigm shifts. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of various educational modalities, including online and flexible learning systems. Despite widespread use of technology in education, limited research has examined the technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) of agriculture teachers who face unique challenges due to specialized content and limited pedagogical training. This study addresses this gap by assessing the TPACK competencies of agriculture instructors at a College of Agriculture, where many lack formal teaching education. Using an adapted TPACK instrument, a descriptive quantitative design revealed that teachers perceived their Content Knowledge (CK) as fair, while perceiving moderate competence in Technology Knowledge (TK) and Technological Content Knowledge (TCK). These findings inform the design of a targeted mentorship program to support agriculture teachers in integrating technology effectively into their teaching. The study further revealed strong interrelationships among TPACK constructs, underscoring the integrated nature of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge essential for effective technology integration in agriculture education.
Keywords: Technology, educational technology, agriculture, mentorship program, online education, TPACK
Keywords
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Copyright @2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium
References
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- Cherner, T., & Smith, D. (2017). Reconceptualizing TPACK to Meet the Needs of Twenty-First-Century Education. The New Educator, 13(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/1547688X.2015.1063744
- Commission on Higher Education. (2020). Guidelines on the Implementation of Flexible Learning. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/CMO-No.-4-s.-2020-Guidelines-on-the-Implementation-of-Flexible-Learning.pdf
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, Personality, and Development Within Embedded Social Contexts: An Overview of Self-Determination Theory. In The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation (pp. 85–108). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0006
- Dobrow, S. R., Chandler, D. E., Murphy, W. M., & Kram, K. E. (2012). A Review of Developmental Networks. Journal of Management, 38(1), 210–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415858
- Fahadi, M., & Khan, Md. S. H. (2022). Technology-enhanced Teaching in Engineering Education: Teachers’ Knowledge Construction Using TPACK Framework. International Journal of Instruction, 15(2), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15229a
- Harris, J. B. , Mishra, P. , & Koehler, M. (2009). Teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge and learning activity types: Curriculum-based technology integration reframed. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41(4), 393–416. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=educationpubs
- Janssen, S., van Vuuren, M., & de Jong, M. D. T. (2016). Informal Mentoring at Work: A Review and Suggestions for Future Research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(4), 498–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12069
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- Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2008). Introducing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Handbook of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) for Educators , 23–39.
- Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring Alternatives: The Role of Peer Relationships in Career Development. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.5465/256064
- Kulgemeyer, C., & Riese, J. (2018). From professional knowledge to professional performance: The impact of CK and PCK on teaching quality in explaining situations. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 55(10), 1393–1418. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21457
- Margerum-Leys, J., & Marx, R. W. (2002). Teacher Knowledge of Educational Technology: A Case Study of Student/Mentor Teacher Pairs. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 26(4), 427–462. https://doi.org/10.2190/JXBR-2G0G-1E4T-7T4M
- Mu, G. M., Liang, W., Lu, L., & Huang, D. (2018). Building Pedagogical Content Knowledge within Professional Learning Communities: An approach to counteracting regional education inequality. Teaching and Teacher Education, 73, 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.03.006
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- Nash, J. A. (2015). Future of Online Education in Crisis: A Call to Action. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(2).
- Nguyen, T. (2015). The Effectiveness of Online Learning: Beyond No Significant Difference and Future Horizons. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 11(2).
- Sahin, I. (2011). Development of Survey of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge. . TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 97–105. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ926558.pdf
- Santos, J. M., & Castro, R. D. R. (2021). Technological Pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in action: Application of learning in the classroom by pre-service teachers (PST). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100110
- Schmidt, D. A., Baran, E., Thompson, A. D., Mishra, P., Koehler, M. J., & Shin, T. S. (2009). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 42(2), 123–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2009.10782544
- Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and Teaching:Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411
- Sutrisno, S., Nida, R. Q., & Purwosetiyono, F. X. D. (2023). Student Academic Fraud during Maths Exams During the Covid-19 Pandemic Based on GONE Theory Dimensions. Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v13i1.13908
- Waterman, S., & He, Y. (2011). Effects of Mentoring Programs on New Teacher Retention: A Literature Review. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 19(2), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2011.564348
- Zulkarnaen, Z., Efwinda, S., & Sulaeman, N. F. (2023). TPACK Implementation on Energy Topic: Reading Comprehension and Feasibility of Teaching Material. Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v13i1.14161
References
Bandura, A. (1978). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
Cherner, T., & Smith, D. (2017). Reconceptualizing TPACK to Meet the Needs of Twenty-First-Century Education. The New Educator, 13(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/1547688X.2015.1063744
Commission on Higher Education. (2020). Guidelines on the Implementation of Flexible Learning. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/CMO-No.-4-s.-2020-Guidelines-on-the-Implementation-of-Flexible-Learning.pdf
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, Personality, and Development Within Embedded Social Contexts: An Overview of Self-Determination Theory. In The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation (pp. 85–108). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0006
Dobrow, S. R., Chandler, D. E., Murphy, W. M., & Kram, K. E. (2012). A Review of Developmental Networks. Journal of Management, 38(1), 210–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415858
Fahadi, M., & Khan, Md. S. H. (2022). Technology-enhanced Teaching in Engineering Education: Teachers’ Knowledge Construction Using TPACK Framework. International Journal of Instruction, 15(2), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15229a
Harris, J. B. , Mishra, P. , & Koehler, M. (2009). Teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge and learning activity types: Curriculum-based technology integration reframed. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41(4), 393–416. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=educationpubs
Janssen, S., van Vuuren, M., & de Jong, M. D. T. (2016). Informal Mentoring at Work: A Review and Suggestions for Future Research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(4), 498–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12069
Kanuka, H. (2006). Instructional Design and eLearning: A Discussion of Pedagogical Content Knowledge as a Missing Construct. E-Journal of Instructional Science and Technology, 9(2).
Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2008). Introducing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Handbook of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) for Educators , 23–39.
Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring Alternatives: The Role of Peer Relationships in Career Development. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.5465/256064
Kulgemeyer, C., & Riese, J. (2018). From professional knowledge to professional performance: The impact of CK and PCK on teaching quality in explaining situations. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 55(10), 1393–1418. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21457
Margerum-Leys, J., & Marx, R. W. (2002). Teacher Knowledge of Educational Technology: A Case Study of Student/Mentor Teacher Pairs. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 26(4), 427–462. https://doi.org/10.2190/JXBR-2G0G-1E4T-7T4M
Mu, G. M., Liang, W., Lu, L., & Huang, D. (2018). Building Pedagogical Content Knowledge within Professional Learning Communities: An approach to counteracting regional education inequality. Teaching and Teacher Education, 73, 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.03.006
Nabavi, R. T. (2012). Bandura’s Social Learning Theory: Social Cognitive Learning Theory. . Theories of Developmental Psychology.
Nash, J. A. (2015). Future of Online Education in Crisis: A Call to Action. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(2).
Nguyen, T. (2015). The Effectiveness of Online Learning: Beyond No Significant Difference and Future Horizons. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 11(2).
Sahin, I. (2011). Development of Survey of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge. . TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 97–105. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ926558.pdf
Santos, J. M., & Castro, R. D. R. (2021). Technological Pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in action: Application of learning in the classroom by pre-service teachers (PST). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100110
Schmidt, D. A., Baran, E., Thompson, A. D., Mishra, P., Koehler, M. J., & Shin, T. S. (2009). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 42(2), 123–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2009.10782544
Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and Teaching:Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411
Sutrisno, S., Nida, R. Q., & Purwosetiyono, F. X. D. (2023). Student Academic Fraud during Maths Exams During the Covid-19 Pandemic Based on GONE Theory Dimensions. Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v13i1.13908
Waterman, S., & He, Y. (2011). Effects of Mentoring Programs on New Teacher Retention: A Literature Review. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 19(2), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2011.564348
Zulkarnaen, Z., Efwinda, S., & Sulaeman, N. F. (2023). TPACK Implementation on Energy Topic: Reading Comprehension and Feasibility of Teaching Material. Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v13i1.14161