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Abstract
Abstract. Numerous technology-based companies have emerged in Indonesia due to the rapid growth of the technology sector over the last decades. Employees are required to be more adaptive to help the company succeed. Identifying which factors affect employees to adapt in a dynamic and competitive industry is essential. However, study related to adaptive performance affected by servant leadership among technology companies’ employees is still limited, particularly in Indonesia. Thus, this research is expected to contribute by providing new knowledge and literature for academics, especially in the field of human resources, as well as other areas related to employee performance, leadership, work engagement, and trust in leaders. Using the structural equation model with Lisrel 8.8 version, we provide the linkages on how work engagement and trust in leaders mediate the effect of servant leadership on adaptive performance of technology companies’ employees in Indonesia. The data (N=333) was collected from employees working in Indonesia’s technology sector such as financial technology, e-commerce, online transportation and food delivery, online travel, and so forth. Our findings showed that servant leadership has a significant and positive effect on adaptive performance through work engagement. However, trust in leaders does not have a positive mediating effect. Thus, it is important for management in the company to encourage the implementation of servant leadership and assess employees’ work engagement on a timely basis to boost employees’ adaptive performance.
Keywords: Adaptive performance, servant leadership, technology companies, trust in leader, work engagement
Keywords
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Copyright @2017. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium
References
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- Atkinson, S. ;, & Butcher, D. (2003). Trust in managerial relationships. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 282.
- Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group & Organization Management, 300–326.
- Bersin, J., Garr, S. S., & Freitag, K. (2020). Effectively Managing Tech Workers.
- Charbonnier-Voirin, A., & Roussel, P. (2012). Adaptive performance: A new scale to measure individual performance in organizations. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 29(3), 280–293. doi: 10.1002/CJAS.232
- Das, K., Gryseels, M., Sudhir, P., & Tan, K. T. (2016). Unlocking Indonesia’s digital opportunity.
- Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
- Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H., & Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. In Ecological Processes. 5(1). Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3
- Google, Temasek, & Bain&Company. (2022). e-Conomy SEA 2022: through the waves, towards a sea of opportunity.
- Grobler, A., & Flotman, A. P. (2021). Servant leadership, team-based learning and hope and optimism: A sectoral comparative study. South African Journal of Business Management, 52(1). doi: 10.4102/SAJBM.V52I1.2444
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- Jaiswal, N. K., & Dhar, R. L. (2017). The influence of servant leadership, trust in leader and thriving on employee creativity. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 38(1), 2–21. doi: 10.1108/LODJ-02-2015-0017
- Joseph, E. E., & Winston, B. E. (2005). A correlation of servant leadership, leader trust, and organizational trust. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(1), 6–22. doi: 10.1108/01437730510575552
- Jundt, D. K., Shoss, M. K., & Huang, J. L. (2015). Individual adaptive performance in organizations. Source: Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), 53–71. doi: 10.2307/26610961
- Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2022). Fostering task and adaptive performance through employee well-being: The role of servant leadership. Business Research Quarterly, 25, 28–43.
- Kaya, B., & Karatepe, O. M. (2020). Does servant leadership better explain work engagement, career satisfaction and adaptive performance than authentic leadership? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2075–2095. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2019-0438
- Kline, T. J. B., & Klammer, J. D. (2001). Path model analyzed with ordinary least squares multiple regression versus LISREL. In The Journal of Psychology. 135, (2).
- Knoll, D. L., & Gill, H. (2011). Antecedents of trust in supervisors, subordinates, and peers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(4), 313–330. doi: 10.1108/02683941111124845
- Ling, Q., Liu, F., & Wu, X. (2017). Servant Versus Authentic Leadership: Assessing Effectiveness in China’s Hospitality Industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(1), 53–68. doi: 10.1177/1938965516641515
- Malhotra, N. K. (2020). Marketing research : an applied orientation (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
- Ozturk, A., Karatepe, O. M., & Okumus, F. (2021). The effect of servant leadership on hotel employees’ behavioral consequences: Work engagement versus job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102994
- Park, S., & Park, S. (2019). Employee Adaptive Performance and Its Antecedents Review and Synthesis. Human Resource Development Review, 18(3), 294–324.
- Passakonjaras, S., Hartijasti, Y., & Rajiani, I. (2019). Servant leadership: An empirical study of indonesian managers across different ethnic groups. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 20(2), 391–402. doi: 10.17512/pjms.2019.20.2.33
- Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers’ Trust in Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 107–142.
- Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 612–624. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.612
- Ramdhan, R. M., Winarno, A., Kisahwan, D., & Hermana, D. (2022). Corporate social responsibility internal as a predictor for motivation to serve, normative commitment, and adaptive performance among State-owned Enterprises’ employee. Cogent Business and Management, 9(1). doi: 10.1080/23311975.2022.2093486
- Russell, R. F., & Stone, A. G. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. doi: 10.1108/01437730210424084
- Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. doi: 10.1108/02683940610690169
- Saleem, F., Zhang, Y. Z., Gopinath, C., & Adeel, A. (2020). Impact of Servant Leadership on PerformanceThe Mediating Role of Affective and Cognitive Trust. SAGE Open, 1–16.
- Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716.
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 71–92.
- Sendjaya, S., & Cooper, B. (2011). Servant Leadership Behaviour Scale: A hierarchical model and test of construct validity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 416–436. doi: 10.1080/13594321003590549
- Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: It’s origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies; Fall, 9(2).
- Senjaya, S., & Pekerti, A. (2010). Servant leadership as antecedent of trust in organizations. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(7), 643–663. doi: 10.1108/01437731011079673
- Tabiu, A., Pangil, F., & Othman, S. Z. (2018). Does Training, Job Autonomy and Career Planning Predict Employees’ Adaptive Performance? Global Business Review, 21(3), 713–724.
- van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure. In Journal of Business and Psychology (Vol. 26, Issue 3, pp. 249–267). doi: 10.1007/s10869-010-9194-1
- Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). Moderating role of follower characteristics with transformational leadership and follower work engagement. Group and Organization Management, 34(5), 590–619. doi: 10.1177/1059601108331242
References
Adams, G. A., & Webster, J. R. (2022). Relating supervisor interpersonal emotion management- and task-oriented leadership to adaptive performance: a moderated-mediation model incorporating trust and gender. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 41(4), 549–567. doi: 10.1108/EDI-07-2021-0174
Atkinson, S. ;, & Butcher, D. (2003). Trust in managerial relationships. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 282.
Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group & Organization Management, 300–326.
Bersin, J., Garr, S. S., & Freitag, K. (2020). Effectively Managing Tech Workers.
Charbonnier-Voirin, A., & Roussel, P. (2012). Adaptive performance: A new scale to measure individual performance in organizations. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 29(3), 280–293. doi: 10.1002/CJAS.232
Das, K., Gryseels, M., Sudhir, P., & Tan, K. T. (2016). Unlocking Indonesia’s digital opportunity.
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H., & Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. In Ecological Processes. 5(1). Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3
Google, Temasek, & Bain&Company. (2022). e-Conomy SEA 2022: through the waves, towards a sea of opportunity.
Grobler, A., & Flotman, A. P. (2021). Servant leadership, team-based learning and hope and optimism: A sectoral comparative study. South African Journal of Business Management, 52(1). doi: 10.4102/SAJBM.V52I1.2444
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (Eight). Cengage Learning EMEA. www.cengage.com/highered
Jaiswal, N. K., & Dhar, R. L. (2017). The influence of servant leadership, trust in leader and thriving on employee creativity. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 38(1), 2–21. doi: 10.1108/LODJ-02-2015-0017
Joseph, E. E., & Winston, B. E. (2005). A correlation of servant leadership, leader trust, and organizational trust. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(1), 6–22. doi: 10.1108/01437730510575552
Jundt, D. K., Shoss, M. K., & Huang, J. L. (2015). Individual adaptive performance in organizations. Source: Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), 53–71. doi: 10.2307/26610961
Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2022). Fostering task and adaptive performance through employee well-being: The role of servant leadership. Business Research Quarterly, 25, 28–43.
Kaya, B., & Karatepe, O. M. (2020). Does servant leadership better explain work engagement, career satisfaction and adaptive performance than authentic leadership? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2075–2095. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2019-0438
Kline, T. J. B., & Klammer, J. D. (2001). Path model analyzed with ordinary least squares multiple regression versus LISREL. In The Journal of Psychology. 135, (2).
Knoll, D. L., & Gill, H. (2011). Antecedents of trust in supervisors, subordinates, and peers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(4), 313–330. doi: 10.1108/02683941111124845
Ling, Q., Liu, F., & Wu, X. (2017). Servant Versus Authentic Leadership: Assessing Effectiveness in China’s Hospitality Industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 58(1), 53–68. doi: 10.1177/1938965516641515
Malhotra, N. K. (2020). Marketing research : an applied orientation (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Ozturk, A., Karatepe, O. M., & Okumus, F. (2021). The effect of servant leadership on hotel employees’ behavioral consequences: Work engagement versus job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102994
Park, S., & Park, S. (2019). Employee Adaptive Performance and Its Antecedents Review and Synthesis. Human Resource Development Review, 18(3), 294–324.
Passakonjaras, S., Hartijasti, Y., & Rajiani, I. (2019). Servant leadership: An empirical study of indonesian managers across different ethnic groups. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 20(2), 391–402. doi: 10.17512/pjms.2019.20.2.33
Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers’ Trust in Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 107–142.
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 612–624. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.612
Ramdhan, R. M., Winarno, A., Kisahwan, D., & Hermana, D. (2022). Corporate social responsibility internal as a predictor for motivation to serve, normative commitment, and adaptive performance among State-owned Enterprises’ employee. Cogent Business and Management, 9(1). doi: 10.1080/23311975.2022.2093486
Russell, R. F., & Stone, A. G. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. doi: 10.1108/01437730210424084
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. doi: 10.1108/02683940610690169
Saleem, F., Zhang, Y. Z., Gopinath, C., & Adeel, A. (2020). Impact of Servant Leadership on PerformanceThe Mediating Role of Affective and Cognitive Trust. SAGE Open, 1–16.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 71–92.
Sendjaya, S., & Cooper, B. (2011). Servant Leadership Behaviour Scale: A hierarchical model and test of construct validity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 416–436. doi: 10.1080/13594321003590549
Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: It’s origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies; Fall, 9(2).
Senjaya, S., & Pekerti, A. (2010). Servant leadership as antecedent of trust in organizations. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(7), 643–663. doi: 10.1108/01437731011079673
Tabiu, A., Pangil, F., & Othman, S. Z. (2018). Does Training, Job Autonomy and Career Planning Predict Employees’ Adaptive Performance? Global Business Review, 21(3), 713–724.
van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure. In Journal of Business and Psychology (Vol. 26, Issue 3, pp. 249–267). doi: 10.1007/s10869-010-9194-1
Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). Moderating role of follower characteristics with transformational leadership and follower work engagement. Group and Organization Management, 34(5), 590–619. doi: 10.1177/1059601108331242