Pembelajaran Teknologi di Perusahaan Manufaktur Berintensitas Teknologi Tinggi dan Menengah-Tinggi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2015.14.1.1Abstract
Abstract.Technological learning has an important role in forming technological capability and innovation as a key point of competitiveness in this globalized era. On the one hand, developed countries have engaged themselves in the high-tech industry which can result in high added value. On the other hand, very few of developing countries which are able to develop such kind of industry. In Indonesia, low-tech industry seems to have greater development compared with high-tech or medium-high. One of the possible causes is unoptimum technological learning. Notwithstanding, there are many literature on the condition of technological learning. Nevertheless,the one with more intention in technology intensity is still rarely found. This paper attempts to discuss technological learning model in manufacturing industry by conducting case studies in several companies based on technology intensity classified by Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Based on four case studies, variation of technological learning model based on the involved actors and their domination in technological learning process is analyzed. Technological learning is proven to support innovation creation. Companies in the manufacturing sector with high technology intensity tend to choose in-house technological learning. Meanwhile, companies in medium-high sector tend to choose combination of internal-external technological learning. Strategic role of the technology for firm's core competence, proprietary aspect of technology, resource capacity, and demand characteristics becomes considered factors in making a choice on the type of technological learning.
Keywords: technological learning, manufacturing company, technology intensity, technological capability, innovation
Abstrak.Pembelajaran teknologi memiliki peran penting terhadap pembentukan kemampuan teknologi serta inovasi yang merupakan penentu daya saing di era global seperti saat ini. Sementara itu, negara maju telah mampu mengembangkan industri dengan intensitas teknologi tinggi yang dapat menghasilkan nilai tambah yang tinggi. Di lain pihak, baru sedikit negara berkembang yang mampu mengembangkan industri tersebut. Di Indonesia sendiri, industri dengan intensitas teknologi rendah terlihat lebih berkembang dibandingkan industri dengan intensitas teknologi tinggi maupun menengah-tinggi. Hal tersebut salah satunya disebabkan oleh kurang optimalnya pembelajaran teknologi. Telah banyak literatur mengenai kondisi pembelajaran teknologi di sektor manufaktur. Namun demikian, literatur yang menekankan pada intensitas teknologi masih jarang ditemukan. Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai model pembelajaran teknologi pada industri manufaktur dengan melakukan studi kasus pada perusahaan dengan intensitas teknologi tinggi dan menengah-tinggi yang ada di Indonesia. Klasifikasi industri berdasarkan intensitas teknologi didasarkan pada pengklasifikasian Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Dari studi kasus pada empat perusahaan, dilakukan analisis terhadap variasi model pembelajaran teknologi dilihat dari aktor-aktor yang terlibat dan dominasi aktor-aktor tersebut dalam proses pembelajaran teknologi. Dari hasil studi kasus yang dilakukan, terlihat bahwa pembelajaran teknologi dapat mendukung penciptaan inovasi. Perusahaan pada sektor manufaktur dengan intensitas teknologi tinggi cenderung memilih pembelajaran teknologi internal. Sedangkan perusahaan pada sektor dengan intensitas menengah-tinggi lebih memilih pembelajaran teknologi kombinasi internal-eksternal. Peran strategis teknologi terhadap kompetensi inti perusahaan, aspek proprietary dari teknologi,kemampuan sumberdaya, serta karakteristik permintaan terlihat menjadi faktor yang dipertimbangkan oleh perusahaan dalam memilih tipe pembelajaran teknologi.
Kata kunci: pembelajaran teknologi, perusahaan manufaktur, intensitas teknologi, kemampuan teknologi, inovasi
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